We describe the structure and present situation of the Chinese healthcare system and discuss its primary problems and challenges. We discuss problems with inefficient burden sharing, adverse provider incentives and huge inequities, and seek explanations in the structural features of the Chinese healthcare system. The current situation will be further challenged in the future by an aging populat...

The magnitude of provider uncompensated care has become an important public policy issue. Yet existing measures of uncompensated care are flawed because they compare uninsured payments to list prices, not to the prices actually paid by the insured. We address this issue using a novel source of data from a vendor that processes financial data for almost 4000 physicians. We measure uncompensated ...

We often need to learn how to move based on a single performance measure that reflects the overall success of our movements. However, movements have many properties, such as their trajectories, speeds and timing of end-points, thus the brain needs to decide which properties of movements should be improved; it needs to solve the credit assignment problem. Currently, little is known about how hum...

Multi-agent learning in Markov Decisions ProbK i s chanenging because of the presence ot two credit assignment problems: 1) How to credit an action taken at time step t for rewards received at t’ > t ; and 2 ) How to credit an action taken by agent z considering the system reward is a function of the actions of all the agents. The first credit assignment problem is typically addressed with temp...

It has been generally observed that the credit period has become a major concern for most of retailers, as it not only has direct influence on inventory and finance, but also on the demand of an item. Unfortunately, for deteriorating items, the impact of the credit period on demand has not received much attention in the literature, whereas in reality, the length of the credit period offered by ...

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We present the “Peppercoin” method for processing micropayments efficiently. With this method, a fraction of the micropayments received are determined, via a procedure known as “cryptographic selection,” to qualify for upgrade to a macropayment. The merchant deposits the upgraded micropayments as macropayments, and merely logs locally the non-qualifying micropayments. In this manner, the mercha...

In data mining and in classification specifically, cost issues have been undervalued for a long time, although they are of crucial importance in real-world applications. Recently, however, cost issues have received growing attention, see for example [1,2,3]. Cost-sensitive classifiers are usually based on the assumption of constant misclassification costs between given classes, that is, the cos...

The aim of this paper is to detect bank credit cards related frauds. The large amount of data and their similarity lead to a time consuming and low accurate separation of healthy and unhealthy samples behavior, by using traditional classifications. Therefore in this study, the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is used in order to reach a more efficient and accurate algorithm. By com...