The development of efficient Friedel-Crafts alkylations of arenes and heteroarenes using only catalytic amounts of a Lewis acid has gained much attention over the last decade. The new catalytic approaches described in this review are favoured over classical Friedel-Crafts conditions as benzyl-, propargyl- and allyl alcohols, or styrenes, can be used instead of toxic benzyl halides. Additionally...

This study mainly concentrates on metallurgical structure of the ferrous ancient crafts, specially the discovered ferrous man-made pieces in Ilam which are aged more than 3000 years. The pieces were discovered in Ize a town located in the south east of Ahvaz , in the southern of Iran. The crafts include an ferrous bar, a 3-side and a 4 side bayonets which were microscopically studied by Electro...

Polyaniline (PANi)-grafted multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) composite is prepared by a two-step reaction sequence. MWNT is first functionalized with 4-aminobenzoic acid in polyphosphoric acid/phosphorous pentoxide as a ‘‘direct’’ Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction medium. The resultant 4-aminobenzoyl-functionalized MWNT is then treated with aniline using ammonium persulfate/aqueous hydrochlori...

The feasibility of edge-functionalization of graphite was tested via the model reaction between pyrene and 4-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyloxy)benzamide (TMPBA) in poly(phosphoric acid) (PPA)/phosphorous pentoxide (P(2)O(5)) medium. The functionalization was confirmed by various characterization techniques. On the basis of the model study, the reaction condition could be extended to the edge-functional...

The first examples of 3,3-diaryloxetanes are prepared in a lithium-catalyzed and substrate dependent divergent Friedel-Crafts reaction. para-Selective Friedel-Crafts reactions of phenols using oxetan-3-ols afford 3,3-diaryloxetanes by displacement of the hydroxy group. These constitute new isosteres for benzophenones and diarylmethanes. Conversely, ortho-selective Friedel-Crafts reactions of ph...

2.1.8. Michael Reaction 2245 2.1.9. Others 2247 2.2. Cyclization Reactions 2248 2.2.1. Carbon Diels−Alder Reactions 2248 2.2.2. Aza-Diels−Alder Reactions 2252 2.2.3. Other Hetero-Diels−Alder Reactions 2255 2.2.4. Ionic Diels−Alder Reaction 2256 2.2.5. 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions 2256 2.2.6. Other Cycloaddition Reactions 2258 2.2.7. Prins-type Cyclization 2259 2.3. Friedel−Crafts Acylation and Al...

The mixture of polyaniline (PANi) and PANi grafted multiwalled carbon nanotube (PANi-g-MWNT) was prepared by a two-step reaction sequence. MWNT was first functionalized with 4-aminobenzoic acid via ‘‘direct’’ Firedel-Crafts acylation in polyphosphoric acid (PPA)/phosphorous pentoxide (P2O5) medium to afford 4-aminobenzoyl-functionalized MWNT (AFMWNT). Then, aniline was polymerized via an in sit...