This paper proposes a multi-criteria approach to assess current technology systems in water treatment (WT) plants and water waste treatment (WWT) plants to find out the main implications on the quality of service. Presently, the plant production process and efficiency improvement of WWT plants has become a challenge for WWT plants. The need of cost-efficient and reliable treatment processes has...

G LAMBLIA is recognized as an important cause of acute illness in human beings. Community-wide waterborne outbreaks of giardiasis . have been documented with increasing frequency,' ' and backpackers have become ill after drinking water from mountain streams. 6 ' 7 Giardiasis has also occurred among travelers to foreign countries, although the methods of transmission in these situations are not ...

Natural gas is often associated with nitrogen and heavy compounds. The Heavy components in the natural gas not only can feed downstream units, owing to the low temperature process may be formed solid as well. Therefore, heavy components separation can be a necessity and produce useful products. Virtually, all natural gases are containing nitrogen ​​that would lower the heating value of natural ...

OBJECTIVE Fluoride was first added to the Australian water supply in 1953, and by 2003, 69% of Australia's population was receiving the minimum recommended dose. Extending coverage of fluoridation to all remaining communities of at least 1000 people is a key strategy of Australia's National Oral Health Plan 2004-2013. We evaluate the cost-effectiveness of this strategy from an Australian health...

AIM The aim of the study was to use recent data to determine whether Community Water Fluoridation (CWF) remains a cost effective public health intervention in New Zealand, given a reduction in dental caries in all communities over time. METHOD Local authorities that fluoridated their water supplies were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding fixed and variable costs incurred from CWF. Co...

Laboratory studies were conducted to compare the relative fitness of clodinafop-propargyl herbicide resistant Lolium rigidum accessions with their clodinafop-propargyl susceptible counterparts in 2014. Factors evaluated were Lolium populations at constant salinity stress (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 dS cm2) and water stress (0, -3, -6, -9, -12 and -15 bar). The maximum germination in salinity stres...

the increase in water demand and its services due to population growth and the raising of the standards of living, health, and hygiene along with the limitation of water resources, droughts, and climate change has attracted water specialists and planners to explore the use of unconventional water resources, such as sewage and saline waters. moreover, industrial and rural wastewater disposal and...

OBJECTIVES In view of concerns expressed by South African local authorities the aim of this study was to develop a model to determine whether water fluoridation is economically viable to reduce dental caries in South Africa. METHODS Microsoft Excel software was used to develop a model to determine economic viability of water fluoridation for 17 water providers from all nine South African prov...