The observed cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation provides strong evidence for the hot big bang. The success of primordial nucleosynthesis calculations (“Big-bang nucleosynthesis”) requires a cosmic background radiation (CBR) characterized by a temperature kT ∼ 1MeV at a redshift of z ≃ 109. In their pioneering work, Gamow, Alpher, and Herman[2] realized this and predicted the existence ...

The observed cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation provides strong evidence for the hot big bang. The success of primordial nucleosynthesis calculations (see Sec. 16, " Big-bang nucleosynthesis ") requires a cosmic background radiation (CBR) characterized by a temperature kT ∼ 1 MeV at a redshift of z 10 9. In their pioneering work, Gamow, Alpher, and Herman [1] realized this and predicte...

We propose a formalization of the COSMIC Full Function Point (COSMIC-FFP) measure for the Real-time Object Oriented Modeling (ROOM) language. COSMIC-FFP is a measure of functional size. It has been proposed by the COSMIC group as an adaptation of the function point measure for real-time systems. The COSMIC-FFP de nition is general and can be applied to any speci cation language. We propose a fo...

In previous studies we identified two classes of starless cores, thermally subcritical and supercritical, distinguished by different dynamical behavior and internal structure. Here we study the evolution of the dynamically-unstable, thermally-supercritical cores by means of a numerical hydrodynamic simulation that includes radiative equilibrium and simple molecular chemistry. From an initial st...

Cosmic strings can give rise to a large variety of interesting astrophysical phenomena. Among them, powerful bursts of gravitational waves (GWs) produced by cusps are a promising observational signature. In this Letter we present a search for GWs from cosmic string cusps in data collected by the LIGO and Virgo gravitational wave detectors between 2005 and 2010, with over 625 days of live time. ...

formed contractually, signs in literature are often symbolic in nature. the poems and paintings of sohrab sepehri, the contemporary iranian poet and painter, are imbued with such signs which, if decoded, are rendered more tangible and more intelligible. sepehri’s signs have their origins in nature and hindu and buddhist mysticism. with his mystical intuition and platonic aesthetics, sepehri has...

Cosmic rays scatter off magnetic irregularities (Alfvén waves) with which they are resonant, that is waves of wavelength comparable to their gyroradii. These waves may be generated either by the cosmic rays themselves, if they stream faster than the Alfvén speed, or by sources of MHD turbulence. Waves excited by streaming cosmic rays are ideally shaped for scattering, whereas the scattering eff...

Diffuse interstellar clouds show large abundances of H3 which can be maintained only by a high ionization rate of H2. Cosmic rays are the dominant ionization mechanism in this environment, so the large ionization rate implies a high cosmic-ray flux, and a large amount of energy residing in cosmic rays. In this paper we find that the standard propagated cosmic-ray spectrum predicts an ionization...

The joint Taiwan-United States FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC (Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate) mission, hereafter called COSMIC, is the first satellite constellation dedicated to remotely sense Earth's atmosphere and ionosphere using a technique called Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO). The occultations yield abundant information about neutral at...

The topological defect scenario of origin of the observed highest energy cosmic rays is reviewed. Under a variety of circumstances, topological defects formed in the early Universe can be sources of very massive particles in the Universe today. The decay products of these massive particles may be responsible for the observed highest energy cosmic ray particles above 10 20 eV. Some massive parti...