The secreted protein Hedgehog (Hh) plays an important role in metazoan development and as a survival factor for many human tumors. In both cases, Hh signaling proceeds through the activation of the seven-transmembrane protein Smoothened (Smo), which is thought to convert the Gli family of transcription factors from transcriptional repressors to transcriptional activators. Here, we provide evide...

Accurate modeling of the respiratory cycle is important to account for the effect of organ motion on dose calculation for lung cancer patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of a respiratory model for lung cancer patients. Lujan et al. [Med. Phys. 26(5), 715-720 (1999)] proposed a model, which became widely used, to describe organ motion due to respiration. This model assume...

Electrons on a square lattice with half a flux quantum per plaquette are considered. An effective description for the current loops is given by a twodimensional Dirac theory with random mass. It is shown that the conductivity and the localization length can be calculated from a product of Dirac Green’s functions with the same frequency. This implies that the delocalization of electrons in a mag...