Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by a large number of amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits in the brain. Therefore, inhibiting Aβ aggregation or destabilizing preformed aggregates could be a promising therapeutic target for halting/slowing the progression of AD. Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) have previously been reported to exhibit antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. Recent study shows that ...

INTRODUCTION The orthodontic technique favored by a clinician frequently determines how a deep curve of Spee (COS) is leveled. The primary purpose of this investigation was to confirm radiographically the long-term effectiveness of a continuous archwire technique--the Alexander discipline--in leveling the COS in patients with Class II Division 1 deep-bite malocclusions treated without extractio...

Chitooligosaccharides (COS) are hydrolyzed products of chitosan and have been proven to exhibit various biological functions. The aims of this study were to investigate the mechanisms underlying the hepatoprotective effects of COS against ethanol-induced oxidative stress in vitro. Human L02 normal liver cells were pretreated with COS (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/ml) and then hepatotoxicity was stimula...

The properties of two improved versions of charge-on-spring (COS) polarizable water models (COS/G2 and COS/G3) that explicitly include nonadditive polarization effects are reported. In COS models, the polarization is represented via a self-consistently induced dipole moment consisting of a pair of separated charges. A previous polarizable water model (COS/B2), upon which the improved versions a...

Cells of a high CO(2)-requiring mutant (E(1)) and wild type of Synechococcus PCC7942 were incubated with COS in the light, then suspended in COS-free medium and their CO(2) exchange was measured using an open gas-analysis system under the conditions where photosynthetic CO(2) fixation is inhibited. When the suspension of cells untreated with COS was illuminated, the rate of CO(2) uptake was hig...

The previous lecture defined the Nearest Neighbor Algorithm and discussed how it suffers from the curse of dimensionality. This means that as the number of dimensions increase the Nearest Neighbor algorithm performs poorer and poorer. To better understand the curse of dimensionality with regard to the Nearest Neighbor algorithm one must understand what higher dimensions look like. The following...

The dot sign means inner product. If b is forced to be 0, the VC-dimension reduces to n. It is often the case that the VC-dimension is equal to the number of free parameters of a concept (for example, a rectangle’s parameters are its topmost, bottommost, leftmost and rightmost bounds, and its VC-dimension is 4). However, it is not always true; there exists concepts with 1 parameter but an infin...

These are edited lecture notes from a graduate course at the Computer Science department of Princeton University in Fall 2002. The course was my attempt to teach first year graduate students students many mathematical tools useful in theoretical computer science. Of course, the goal was too ambitious for a course with 12 three hour lectures. I had to relegate some topics to homework; these incl...

In linear regression, we need to avoid adding too much richness to the model. Therefore we need feature selection, or regularization to make our fitting curve smoother. Qualitatively, the original linear regression model is an optimization problem of the form min w m i=1 (w · x i − y i) 2 And the corresponding regularized version of the same problem is min w m i=1 (w · x i − y i) 2 + λw 2 2 , w...

We began the lecture with some final words on graphical models. Choosing a graphical model is akin to choosing a probability model for your data or choosing an algorithm. Each model has advantages and disadvantages that may make it more or less suitable for modeling your data. A graphical model is a representation of a probability model, so it also carries that model’s plusses and minuses. Grap...