The modeling of the atmospheric boundary layer during convective conditions has long been a major source of uncertainty in the numerical modeling of meteorological conditions and air quality. Much of the difficulty stems from the large range of turbulent scales that are effective in the convective boundary layer (CBL). Both small-scale turbulence that is subgrid in most mesoscale grid models an...

Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) and National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) reanalysis data are used to indicate mechanisms responsible for extreme summer convection over South America. The threedimensional reflectivity field is analyzed to define three types of extreme echo, deep convective cores, wi...

We propose an approach to stochastic parameterisation of shallow cumulus clouds to represent the convective variability and its dependence on the model resolution. To collect information about the individual cloud lifecycles and the cloud ensemble as a whole, we employ a large eddy simulation (LES) model and a cloud tracking algorithm, followed by conditional sampling of clouds at the cloud-bas...

A new mean-field theory of turbulent convection is developed by considering only the small-scale part of spectra as "turbulence" and the large-scale part, as a "mean flow," which includes both regular and semiorganized motions. The developed theory predicts the convective wind instability in a shear-free turbulent convection. This instability causes formation of large-scale semiorganized fluid ...

Collocated observations of cloud-top height and cloud-profiling information from 14 CloudSat and MODIS cloud-top temperature are analyzed to determine where convective 15 cloud top occurs in relation to the cold point tropopause and the internal vertical structure 16 of these deep convective clouds. Three types of penetrating convection identified as cold17 low (CL), cold-high (CH), and warm-hi...

In this study combined heat and mass transfer by mixed convective flow along a moving vertical flat plate with hydrodynamic slip and thermal convective boundary condition is investigated. Using similarity variables, the governing nonlinear partial differential equations are converted into a system of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The transformed equations are then solved us...

Transport of solutes through brain involves diffusion and convection. The importance of convective flow in the subarachnoid and paravascular spaces has long been recognized; a recently proposed 'glymphatic' clearance mechanism additionally suggests that aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channels facilitate convective transport through brain parenchyma. Here, the major experimental underpinnings of the g...

A convective cloud field model (CCFM) is substituted for a standard mass flux parameterisation of convective clouds in a limited area atmospheric model (REMO) and is tested for a whole annual cycle (July 1997 to June 1998) over the West Pacific Maritime Continent. REMO with CCFM is run in 0.5-degree resolution and the model at the lateral boundaries is forced 6-hourly by ECMWF reanalysis data. ...

The impact of soil moisture on the forecast of a small-scale convective system, and sensitivity of results to the convective parameterization used, are investigated through Eta Model simulations (run in an operational-like setting) of a convective system occurring on 27 May 1997 in Texas. The event was influenced by a southwestward-propagating gravity wave from early morning convection in Arkan...

The characteristics of near-storm environments have been elucidated by several studies of observed soundings near reported tornadoes (Maddox 1976; Kerr and Darkow 1996), all soundings for multiple severe weather hazards during a complete year (Rasmussen and Blanchard 1998), or long-period samples of soundings associated with severe thunderstorms (Craven and Brooks 2004). Meanwhile, much attenti...