IN THEIR LETTER, “THE THREAT TO CONE snails” (17 Oct., p. 391), E. Chivian et al. estimate that “hundreds of thousands” of cone snails are sacrificed annually for research purposes. We recognize that habitat loss and possible overexploitation of cone snails may indeed threaten the survival of Conus taxa, but we question Chivian et al.’s estimate. This number is huge and shocking in light of the...

Background: Because of the scarceness and absence of hectic painful radiculopathic feature of L1-L2 disc, surgeons don’t usually pay enough clinical attention to them. Their main manifestation is severe axial pain or myeloradiculopathy failure attributed to conus or high cauda equine syndrome. Methods: During 2006 to 2011, a total of 11 patients with L1 L2 dysfunctions underwent a surgery. Thei...

Background: As a new intraoperative disinfection method, chlorhexidine-wetted textile napkins have been employed in order to cover the upper and lower eyelid edges, eyelid skin, eyelashes, lid margins and palpebral conjunctiva during phacoemulsification cataract extraction. This study was conducted to compare the antimicrobial activity of textile napkins before and after their use. Methods: Thi...

Stellate ganglion stimulation in the anesthetized, open-chest dog consistently resulted in the generation of pressure differences which averaged 20 mm Hg across the infundibular region of the right ventricle. Before stimulation, peak systolic pressures in the sinus and conus were closely matched. Peak sinus pressure showed ah average increase of 184 and 162% during stimulation of the left and r...

BACKGROUND Given the risk of paralysis associated with cervical transforaminal injection, is it time to reconsider transforaminal injections of the lumbar spine? Arguments for discontinuing lumbar injections have been discussed in the anesthesia literature, raising concern about the risks of epidural steroid injections (ESIs). METHODS In a 47-year-old man, paraplegia of the lower extremities ...

The conus arteriosus is a muscular chamber interposed between the ventricle and ventral aorta in Elasmobranchii, Holocephalii and the more primitive families of bony fish. Since Duverney (1702) suggested that it functioned as an extra ventricle, it has been variously regarded as an elastic reservoir to minimize pressure fluctuations (Keith, 1924; Daniel, 1934), an accessory pumping chamber (Geg...

Phylogenetic and paleontological analyses are combined to reveal patterns of species origination and divergence and to define the significance of potential and actual barriers to dispersal in Conus, a species-rich genus of predatory gastropods distributed throughout the world's tropical oceans. Species-level phylogenetic hypotheses are based on nucleotide sequences from the nuclear calmodulin a...

Abstract Extensive and severe droughts have substantial effects on water supplies, agriculture, aquatic ecosystems. To better understand these droughts, we used tree-ring-based reconstructions of the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) for period 1475–2017 to examine that covered at least 33% conterminous United States (CONUS). We identified 37 spatially extensive events CONUS examined their s...

Background: Research on animal toxins have shown toxicity potential cancerous cell and tissues in the cultures. Conotoxins obtained from marine cone snails show highest potential, so that several human deaths been attributed to this species of snail. These proven be valuable agents inhibit enzymes, channels proteins, nervous systems humans. Methods: We studied effects Conus textile crude venom ...