In partial backorder inventory system, when demand is not satisfied, unmet demand would be backordered partially. Either backorder or lost sales would make the cost increase. For a buyer, it is important to decide how much inventory should be prepared. A great deal of research efforts have been devoted to it over a few decades. Previous researches always assume that the lead time is fixed param...

We review the literature on approximate dynamic programming, with the goal of better understanding the theory behind practical algorithms for solving dynamic programs with continuous and vector-valued states and actions and complex information processes. We build on the literature that has addressed the well-known problem of multidimensional (and possibly continuous) states, and the extensive l...

background: in medical research, dichotomisation of continuous variables is a widespread use approach. however, it has been argued that dichotomisation might be waste of information. the aim of this paper is to review the main methods to dichotomise continuous data, to address practical issues around dichotomisation methods, and to investigate whether dichotomisation is always a bad idea. metho...

Background Despite decades of evidence gathering and calls for action, few countries have systematically attenuated health inequities (HI) through action on the social determinants of health (SDH). This is at least partly because doing so presents a significant political and policy challenge. This paper explores this challenge through a review of the empirical literature, asking: what factors h...

due to complexity and huge varieties in mega cities, their administration need suitable policy making that is designed specifically for each city. so, in the light of contingency approach and collage metaphor, in each city, designing of a mixed policy making system is necessary; a system that is able to use collection of current policy making models, and support urban management system for adop...

In this session we want to review the basic concepts introduced in class for convolution in continuous-time. It has been proved that in order to determine the characteristics of a linear, time-invariant (LTI) system we need to know the impulse response of the system. When we apply an input x(t) to a system that has h(t) as its impulse response, we obtain an output y(t) (see Figure 1). One of th...