Literature, in addition to its aesthetic and artistic aspects, has always been a reflection of social and cultural realities and characteristics of its respective era and society. Sociological criticism is a relatively modern method in literary criticism. The method studies the structure and content of literary works and their relation to the structures and evolutions of the societies where the...

pessimism, a phenomenon of deep effect over the contemporary poetry, both arabic and persian, usually enjoys a widespread usage in the periods of social, political and economic disorders which, in turn, affect the poets’ views and change their visions toward the real. elias abu-shabaka and hushang ebtehaj are the poets of a modern disorderly era and environment. they both display a deep pessimi...

the contemporary french literature beholds the considerable presence of works which frankly speak of the writer’s “self”. the trinal circles of writer-character-narrator triangle is mixed and created a current of literature dominated by the “first person”. many critics believe this matter demonstrates the dominance if “individualism” in today’s society. meaning, an individual society which plac...

recent increased islamic awakening in many muslim societies, have given a momentum to rise of contextual necessity for islamic culture. as religion and way of life, islam framed in city. city morphology according to islamic ideology has brought interest to the discussion among the specialists and professionals involved in muslim world for many decades, particularly in iran. this goal can be ach...

This paper first presents a theoretical interpretation of the translation process. It then analyzes existing machine-translation research strategies and points out that some of the generally accepted principles of these strategies are not optimal. Finally, an alternative strategy is proposed, based on the author's theoretical position and research results. The possibility of achieving independe...