extended abstract introduction the fertility transition in iran has pass through different stages from 1972-2015.the total fertility rate (tfr) decreased from 7.7 in 1966 to around 6 in 1976.then it rose to 7 in 1980.tfr decline to 5.5 in 1988.in 1996,thetotal fertility rate reach to 2.8,more than 50% decline. tfr has declined further and reached 2.17 in 2000, and 1.9 in 2012 i.e. below replace...

The problems of agriculture and poverty cannot be addressed without reducing the number of workers and their families dependent on land, thereby raising productivity. There are substantial rural-urban and male-female differences in rates of labor force participation, employment, and unemployment, as well as informality of employment that exist within and across South Asian countries. Also, most...

This paper examines what author calls a fundamental form of sex discrimination in Pakistan: the fact that women's extensive participation in the labor force is ignored by economic planners. While wage and job discrimination are the most common forms of sex discrimination in Europe and North America, in Pakistan sex discrimination revolves around the divergence between the myth that women do n...

This paper examines the effect of the 1993 Earned Income Tax Credit expansion on the labor force participation of single women by comparing the changes from before to after the expansion in the participation of women with no, one, and two or more children. Both quasi−experimental and regression−based difference−in−difference estimates from annual 1991−1998 March CPS data indicate that this expa...

This article utilizes the 1969, 1971, and 1973 waves of the Longitudinal Retirement History Study (LRHS) to examine stopping work by working wives of respondents. Different patterns of labor-force participation reveal that younger wives of respondents were more likely to work than were older wives. Most wives did not reenter the labor force after leaving it. The determinants of stopping or cont...

This paper seeks to address the problems of childcare scarcity, declining fertility rates and work-family conflict faced by the growing female labor force in Japan. Japan’s total fertility rate has been declining since the 1970s and it fell below the replacement level of 1.3 in 2003. Since the 1990s, the Japanese government has implemented pro-natal policies such as childcare market deregulatio...

Introduction Recent studies of the Current Population Survey by Tucker and Kojetin (1997) and Dixon (2001) showed that unemployment rates were related to unit nonresponse in the CPS. Since households are in sample for 8 months in the CPS (over a 16-month period), there is an opportunity for households to leave or return to the sample. However, the number of “converts”, (households that agree to...