In recommender systems, some features directly affect whether an interaction would happen, making the happened interactions not necessarily indicate user preference. For instance, short videos are objectively easier to finish even though may like video. We term such feature as confounding , and video length is a in recommendation. If we fit model on data, just done by most data-driven will be b...

1) Species distribution models (SDMs) are currently the main tools to derive species niche estimates and spatially explicit predictions for geographical distribution. However, unobserved environmental conditions ecological processes may confound model if they have direct impact on and, at same time, correlated with observed covariates. This, so-called spatial confounding, is a general property ...