One of the major challenges of our present society is the protection of environment; with respect to this some of the important elements are reduction of natural raw materials and consumption of waste materials. The recycled aggregate sample of size 20mm which is the maximum size of aggregate in reinforced cement concrete is collected from demolished structures in our surrounding areas and the ...

In recent years, concrete has become a widely used material for general purposes in the structural area due to its excellent performance and properties. Hence, an increasing number of structures are built, huge amount building stock been occurred around world. However, because many progress (i.e., natural disasters), some demolished their status is changed into rubble, hence this becomes enviro...

IN TR O D U C TIO N Until recently aggregates were considered inert materials which, when mixed with some cementing agent, served as filler in concrete. This concept is far from reality. Research and experience have demonstrated that aggregates are physically and chemically active in ways that control their serviceability in concrete. Since these materials constitute about 75 per cent of the vo...

The Break-Off method is the most recent development in in-place concrete strength testing. In this method, the force required to break-off an in-place concrete cylinder 2.17 in. (55 mm) in diameter and 2-2/4 in. (70 mm) long, is related to the compressive strength of the concrete from a predetermined calibration curve developed for this concrete mix. The reliability of the BreakOff method to te...

concrete occupies unique position among the modern construction materials. Concrete is a material used in building construction, consisting of a hard, chemically inert particulate substance, known as aggregate (usually made for different types of sand and gravel), that is bond by cement and water. Now a days utilization of industrial soil waste or secondary materials has encouraged in construct...