First chapter deals with the conceptual frame work of the present research problem and primary matters regarding the research. It had the statement of the problem, terms defined, objectives of the study, hypothesis, importance of the study and the limitation of the study. But, for any specific research to occupy the place in the development of a discipline, the researcher must thoroughly famili...

Since 1969 the International Atomic Energy Agency and the World Health Organization (along with the Pan American Health Organization, working with countries in Latin America and the Caribbean) have operated postal dosimetry audits based on thermoluminescent dosimetry (TLD) for radiotherapy centers. The purpose of these audits is to provide an independent dosimetry check of radiation beams used ...

An accurate detection of the radiation field is crucial to 3D conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT). Automated techniques to detect the field edges on double exposure portal images have previously focused on thresholding techniques. In this paper, we present a new approach based on a curve propagation technique (the Fast Marching method) which proves to be more effective at detecting the radiation fi...

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling provides important capabilities for improving the reliability of the extrapolations across dose, species, and exposure route that are generally required in chemical risk assessment regardless of the toxic end point being considered. Recently, there has been an increasing focus on harmonization of the cancer and noncancer risk assessment approaches ...

Two methods for segmentation and visualization of microcalcifications in digital or digitized mammograms are described. First method is based on modern mathematical morphology, while the second one uses the multifractal approach. In the first method, by using an appropriate combination of some morphological operations, high local contrast enhancement, followed by significant suppression of back...

In order to meet the requirements for future satellite applications, a brassboard of an extremely reliable fault-tolerant spaceborne computer (FTSC) has been developed by Raytheon Co., Sudbury, MA., under the sponsorship of the USAF/SAMSO. The requirements for the FTSC were high reliability, high speed, low power, high density and tolerance to space radiation environments. The reliability requi...

In this paper we describe the techniques used for student modelling in an adaptive Webbased Intelligent Computer Assisted Language Learning (ICALL) system. The system teaches the domain of the passive voice of the English language and is called Web Passive Voice Tutor (WebPVT). It dynamically models a student's progress in learning and is able to provide individualised tutoring and advice tailo...

The new developments in computer technology are changing the way training professionals look at computer-assisted instruction (CAI). Nursing educators and practitioners can plan on CAI capabilities that will be both possible and economical as well as within the reach of most organizations. Health care delivery may not be in a position to forego multimedia training as part of its repertoire. In ...

Currently, patients having cervical cancer with extension into the lower vagina are being treated with a combination of the Fletcher-Suit applicator, which treats the cervix, and a vaginal cylinder, which treats the lower vagina. With this method, patients receive two separate implants-a procedure that creates greater uncertainty in the dose distribution and unnecessary patient inconvenience. T...

The increasing risk of a mass casualty scenario following a large scale radiological accident or attack necessitates the development of appropriate dosimetric tools for emergency response. Luminescence dosimetry has been reliably applied for dose reconstruction in contaminated settlements for several decades and recent research into new materials carried close to the human body opens the possib...