The state of antileishmanial chemotherapy is strongly compromised by the emergence of drug-resistant Leishmania. The evolution of drug-resistant phenotypes has been linked to the parasites' intrinsic genome instability, with frequent gene and chromosome amplifications causing fitness gains that are directly selected by environmental factors, including the presence of antileishmanial drugs. Thus...

Inbreeding, which increases homozygosity throughout the genome by increasing the proportion of alleles that are identical by descent, is expected to compromise resistance against parasitism. Here, we demonstrate that host inbreeding increases susceptibility to ectoparasitism in a natural fruit fly (Drosophila nigrospiracula) - mite (Macrocheles subbadius) association, and that this effect depen...

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the bridge between the innate and adaptive immune system. DCs are responsible for sensing and patrolling the environment, initiating a host response and instructing the proper adaptive immune response against pathogens. Recent advances in medical treatments have led to increased use of immunosuppressive drugs, leading to the emergence of fungal species that cause life-...

Mechanisms underlying plant non-host resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc), the pathogen causing rice leaf streak disease, are largely unknown. Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels (CNGCs) are calcium-permeable channels that are involved in various biological processes including plant resistance. In this study, functions of two tomato CNGC genes SlCNGC1 and SlCNGC14 in non-host r...

Human immunodeficiency virus infection may result in the manifestation of severe and atypical cutaneous diseases. Although psoriasis is known to result from an aberrant host immune system, reports have been published observing the presence of this disease in immune compromised patients. Psoriasis also follows an interesting pattern in relation to CD4+ T-cell counts in HIV-positive patients, lik...

The effector SnTox3 from Parastagonospora nodorum elicits a strong necrotic response in susceptible wheat and also interacts with pathogenesis-related protein 1 (TaPR-1), although the function of this interaction disease is unclear. Here, we dissect TaPR1 by studying SnTox3–TaPR1 demonstrate dual functionality SnTox3. We utilized site-directed mutagenesis to identify an variant, SnTox3P173S, th...

Wounds are a serious healthcare issue with profound personal, clinical and economic implications. Using a working definition of compromised wounds, this study examines the prevalence of wounds by type and by healthcare setting using data from hospitals, home care, hospital-based continuing care and long-term care facilities within fiscal year 2011-2012 in Canada. It also evaluates several risk ...

Normal healing procedure of bone involves various sequential events to develop and bridge the -to- gap. When this occurs with a metal (titanium) fixture on one side, it is called as osseointegration. After extensive studies topic, found that in presence biologic constituents are spontaneously released at site. Thus, accelerate normal after implant placement make results more predictable, has be...