A complex associative memory neural network (CAMN2) model is proposed for the recognition of handwritten characters. The input and the stored patterns here are derived from the complex valued representation of the boundary of the characters. The stored vector representation is formulated based on 1-D representation of an optical pattern recognition filter. Retrieval of stored patterns from a no...

Complex networks are constructed for studying the co-occurrence of characters and words in the Chinese language. Two types of networks are investigated. In the first type, nodes correspond to Chinese characters, and in the second type, nodes correspond to Chinese words. Moreover, edges correspond to connections of characters and/or words that occur consecutively. Networks are built from a colle...

Founding harmonic analysis on classical simple complex groups, I.M. Gelfand and M.A. Naimark in their classical book [GN] posed three basic questions: unitary duals, characters of irreducible unitary representations and Plancherel measures. In the case of reductive p-adic groups, the only series of reductive groups where unitary duals are known are general linear groups. In this paper we reduce...

The fungal genera Ustilago, Sporisorium and Macalpinomyces represent an unresolved complex. Taxa within the complex often possess characters that occur in more than one genus, creating uncertainty for species placement. Previous studies have indicated that the genera cannot be separated based on morphology alone. Here we chronologically review the history of the Ustilago-Sporisorium-Macalpinomy...

Real-time crowd visualization has recently attracted quite an interest from the graphics community and, as interactive applications become even more complex, there is a natural demand of new and unexplored application scenarios. However, the interactive simulation of complex environments populated by large numbers of virtual characters is a composite problem which poses serious difficulties eve...

Cryptic diversity within bumblebees (Bombus) has the potential to undermine crucial conservation efforts designed to reverse the observed decline in many bumblebee species worldwide. Central to such efforts is the ability to correctly recognise and diagnose species. The B. lucorum complex (Bombus lucorum, B. cryptarum and B. magnus) comprises one of the most abundant and important group of wild...

This thesis investigates how to train the increasingly large cast of characters in modern commercial computer games. Modern computer games can contain hundreds or sometimes thousands of non-player characters that each should act coherently in complex dynamic worlds, and engage appropriately with other non-player characters and human players. Too often, it is obvious that computer controlled cha...

In bryophytes a morphological species concept is still most commonly employed, but delimitation of closely related species based on morphological characters is often difficult. Here we test morphological species circumscriptions in a species complex of the moss genus Racomitrium, the R. canescens complex, based on variable DNA sequence markers from the plastid (rps4-trnT-trnL region) and nuclea...

PREMISE OF THE STUDY Recent phylogenetic analyses based on molecular data suggested that the monocot family Zingiberaceae be separated into four subfamilies and four tribes. Robust morphological characters to support these clades are lacking. Seeds were analyzed in a phylogenetic context to test independently the circumscription of clades and to better understand evolution of seed characters wi...