In this study, we demonstrate that two of the osmolytes utilized in the osmoconforming strategy of larval Culex tarsalis are regulated by two fundamentally different signals. When the external osmolality was increased using salinity (sea salts), hemolymph NaCl, proline and trehalose concentrations increased significantly. When sorbitol was used to increase the external osmolality without an ele...

The biosynthetic pathway for the rare compatible solute mannosylglucosylglycerate (MGG) accumulated by Rhodopirellula baltica, a marine member of the phylum Planctomycetes, has been elucidated. Like one of the pathways used in the thermophilic bacterium Petrotoga mobilis, it has genes coding for glucosyl-3-phosphoglycerate synthase (GpgS) and mannosylglucosyl-3-phosphoglycerate (MGPG) synthase ...

The salt adaptation of the methanogenic archaeon Methanosarcina mazei Gö1 was studied at the physiological and molecular levels. The freshwater organism M. mazei Gö1 was able to adapt to salt concentrations up to 1 M, and the addition of the compatible solute glycine betaine to the growth medium facilitated adaptation to higher salt concentrations. Transport studies with cell suspensions reveal...

Trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) is a common and compatible osmolyte in muscle tissues of marine organisms that is often credited with counteracting protein-destabilizing forces. However, the origin and synthetic pathways of TMAO are actively debated. Here, we examine the distribution of TMAO in marine animals and report a correlation between TMAO and acylglycerol storage. We put forward the hypothe...

Plants are generally well adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions. Even though they have notably prospered in our planet, stressful conditions such as salinity, drought and cold or heat, which are increasingly being observed worldwide in the context of the ongoing climate changes, limit their growth and productivity. Behind the remarkable ability of plants to cope with these stresse...

LASSITER, WILLIAM E., CARL W. GOTTSCHALK, AND MARGARET MYLLE. Micropuncture study of net transtubular movement of water and urea in nondiuretic mammalian kidney. Am. J. Physiol. 200(6) : I 139-I 146. I g6 I .-Anesthetized, nondiuretic rats and hamsters were infused with C14-labeled inulin-carboxylic acid or urea, and fluid was subsequently collected by micropuncture from surface tubules in the ...

The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the ability of simulating thermal-solute double diffusivities problem, which is usually calculated via mini-supercomputer or supercomputer, by using typical personal computer (PC). The “plume” phenomena due to buoyant force of lighter liquid solute during solidification will be illustrated. The conduction, convection and macrosegregation predicted b...

DELL, RALPH B., AND ROBERT W. WINTERS. Lactate gradients in the kidney of the dog. Am. J. Physiol. 2 I 3(2) : 301-307. r g67.Previous studies have shown that the inner medulla of the antidiuretic kidney has a higher concentration of lactate than the renal cortex, blood, or urine and that medullary lactate rises even higher during osmotic diuresis. The present study was designed to ascertain whe...

The phylogenetic composition of the heterotrophic microbial community is depth stratified in the oceanic water column down to abyssopelagic layers. In the layers below the euphotic zone, it has been suggested that heterotrophic microbes rely largely on solubilized particulate organic matter as a carbon and energy source rather than on dissolved organic matter. To decipher whether changes in the...

Bacteria exhibit an optimal growth rate in culture media with sufficient nutrients at an optimal temperature and pH. In addition, the concentration of solutes plays a critical role in bacterial growth and survival. Glutamate is known to be a major anionic solute involved in osmoregulation and the bacterial cell's response to changes in solute concentration. To determine how glutamate uptake is ...