The theoretical implications of individualism±collectivism for self-esteem suggest that collectivism is associated with (1) relatively higher self-liking and lower selfcompetence and (2) greater change in self-liking in response to social life events. In contrast, individualism is expected to be associated with (1) relatively higher selfcompetence and lower self-liking and (2) greater change in...

Limited evidence exists on how the larger cultural framework affects psychological processes related to schooling. We investigated how the cultural dimensions of individualism/collectivism and power distance influence the sense of school belongingness using 2003 Programme for International Student Assessment survey data on 15-year-old students from 31 countries. Hierarchical linear modeling ana...

Oyserman, Coon, and Kemmelmeier's (2002) meta-analysis suggested problems in the measurement of individualism and collectivism. Studies using Hofstede's individualism scores show little convergent validity with more recent measures of individualism and collectivism. We propose that the lack of convergent validity is due to national differences in response styles. Whereas Hofstede statistically ...

Researchers (e.g., M. B. Brewer & W. Gardner, 1996; H. C. Triandis, D. K. S. Chan, D. P. S. Bhawuk, S. Iwao, & J. P. B. Sinha, 1995) have suggested expansion of the standard model of individualism-collectivism to include people's close personal relationships in addition to their identification with in-groups. There has been considerable discussion of the hypothesis that women are more collectiv...

Collectivism is a cultural syndrome, a network of norms, values, and ways of engaging the world embedded in practices, artifacts, institutions, language use and structure, and ways of making sense of history. A central theme of collectivism as a cultural syndrome is that relationships with relevant others and group memberships constitute the primary unit of society, the foundation of self-conce...