The first part of the article offers an historical overview of metaphors, starting from Aristotle and the classical definition of metaphor. Chomsky's contribution to cognitive psychology is also mentioned together with Rosch’s and Kay and McDaniel’s research concerning categorization. The end of the first part contains new theories of metaphor, thus establishing the link to the second part, whi...

The article deals with the visual perception layer in Muriel Spark’s short story “The Dark Glasses” aim of carrying out a conceptual analysis this text. Meaning generation models have already been demonstrated as multilayer non-homogeneous structures describing different points view and narrative layers B. Uspensky’s, G. Genette’s W. Schmid’s theories. text complex structural language unit can,...

The present article is aimed at the investigation of essence metaphor, exploration its conceptual aspect and translation from a source language to target language. specific way metaphor expressed in work verbal art, manner use by author have always attracted attention not only philologists specialized literary studies but also translators. Having multilayered semantic structure being almost ubi...

This paper is concerned with the problem of what ontological knowledge underlies the semantic structures of natural language. It discusses some proposals made by workers in philosophy, linguistics, cognitive science and artificial intelligence in the last few years. Section 1 sketches the basic view in regard to the relationship between ontology and semantics. Section 2 points out the importanc...

The recent studies on metaphor (Lakoff & Johnson 1980; Johnson 1987; Lakoff & Turner 1989; Sweetser 1990) have proved it to be an important language device that reflects the cognitive source of human thinking. These experientialists claim that metaphors in our languages mirror our ordinary conceptual system and treat metaphors as conventionalized cognitive structure. Adopting the experientialis...

Full natural language understanding requires identifying and analyzing the meanings of metaphors, which are ubiquitous in both text and speech. Over the last thirty years, linguistic metaphors have been shown to be based on more general conceptual metaphors, partial semantic mappings between disparate conceptual domains. Though some achievements have been made in identifying linguistic metaphor...

There are contradictory ideas concerning the function of metaphors in discourse. Cognitive linguists claim that metaphors are constitutive of reasoning, e.g. Lakoff (1986; 1987). In contrast, anthropologists claim that metaphors are not especially prominent in everyday discourse, e.g. Quinn (1991). This article is an attempt to reconcile the conflicting positions. Instead of the contemporary st...

The extended mind thesis holds that the mind can leak out into the world have offered a novel critique of this view by arguing that the question of cognitive extension is largely terminological or semantic, that it is a product of an immature science employing unhelpful metaphors about containment. They write, for instance: " We do not believe there is any basis for a general fact of the mater ...

this paper focused on the way names of body parts are artistically used to convey meanings and messages in kifipa, a bantu language spoken in tanzania. since the body parts metaphors are used by people to portray meanings in their daily conversations (kovecses, 2004; vierke, 2012), the paper investigated such linguistic richness in the language. methodologically, the study identified names of b...