The purpose of this working paper is to provide brief background on climatic variability and changes that may be anticipated over the 21 century which may affect estuarine ecosystems, with emphasis on the United States. Perspectives on climate change are distilled from a number of international, national and regional assessments of the consequences of climate variability and change that have be...

Although treeline elevations are limited globally by growing season temperature, at regional scales treelines frequently deviate below their climatic limit. The cause of these deviations relate to a host of climatic, disturbance, and geomorphic factors that operate at multiple scales. The ability to disentangle the relative effects of these factors is currently hampered by the lack of reliable ...