Biological control in fishes has been documented extensively and is a common form of symbiotic relationship between cleaners shellfish globally, with the highest diversity tropics [...]

Despite the popularity of environmental management accounting as an approach to support corporate cleaner production measures, so far, how implementation differs according stage strategy development is largely unknown. This study thus sought identify uses and information characteristics vary among organizations at different stages development. Drawing on contingency theory view system sophistic...

Marine cleaning symbioses are classic examples of mutualism: cleaners remove and consume ectoparasites from "client" fish, while clients benefit from a reduction in ectoparasites. However, how clients recognize cleaners and decide not to eat them is unclear. Color and body pattern are thought to be important in signaling cleaning services to coral reef fish; in this study, we tested the long-he...

The applicability of biological market theory with its emphasis on partner choice is explored using the interactions between the cleaner wrasse Labroides dimidiatus and its “client” reef fish as a model system of mutualism. Cleaners have small territories, which the majority of reef fish species actively visit to invite inspection of their surface, gills, and mouth. Clients benefit from the rem...

The most commonly asked question about cooperative interactions is how they are maintained when cheating is theoretically more profitable. In cleaning interactions, where cleaners remove parasites from apparently cooperating clients, the classical question asked is why cleaner fish can clean piscivorous client fish without being eaten, a problem Trivers used to explain reciprocal altruism. Triv...

BACKGROUND Documenting effective approaches to eliminate environmental reservoirs and reduce the spread of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) has been difficult. This was a prospective study to determine if hospital-wide implementation of a disinfectant cleaner in a disposable wipe system to replace a cleaner alone could reduce HAIs over 1 year when housekeeping compliance was ≥80%. METHODS ...

The transverse instability in a beam and the blow-up in its size caused by an electron cloud become increasingly important in high-intensity accelerators. The electron cloud builds up through beam-induced multipacting. We investigated the energy spectrum of an electron cloud with short bunch using particle simulation. A "stop-band" structure is found and a model is suggested to explain and to d...