Ocean iron fertilization is currently discussed as a potential measure to mitigate climate change by enhancing oceanic CO2 uptake. Its mitigation potential is not yet well explored, and carbon offsets generated through iron fertilization activities could currently not be traded on regulated carbon markets. Still, commercial interests in ocean iron fertilization already exist, which underlines t...

Introduction We now have what is commonly called a carbon economy. However, it is in fact made up of several, increasingly inter-connected, carbon markets. It takes different forms in different parts of the world, but includes systems of emissions trading (in the EU, some states in the USA and emerging schemes in cities, such as Montreal), and the buying and selling of offsets through United Na...

the establishment and development of industrial and free- trade zones have ever brought about a number of economic, commercial, and industrial benefits. the development of south pars special economic energy zone in the last decade, and following the policy of increasing efficiency in the common area with qatar, other aspects of economic development in kangan township have received little attent...

A mangrove plantation as a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project is expected as a sink of greenhouse gases, because of their large CO2 sequestration ability of high primary productivity. The method for estimating the amount of carbon stock after plantation was essential for a planning of a mangrove CDM project. However, there is often no information about tree planting year and planting reg...

Due to initiatives such as the clean development mechanism (CDM), reducing greenhouse gas emissions for a developing country can offer an important route to attracting investment in a variety of qualifying project areas, including waste management. To date CDM projects have been largely confined to schemes that control emission from landfill, but projects that avoid landfilling are beginning to...