The success of evolutionary methods on standard control learning tasks has created a need for new benchmarks. The classic pole balancing problem is no longer diicult enough to serve as a viable yardstick for measuring the learning eeciency of these systems. In this paper we present a more diicult version to the classic problem where the cart and pole can move in a plane. We demonstrate a neuroe...

Expressivists have a problem with negation. The problem is that they have not, to date, been able to explain why ‘murdering is wrong’ and ‘murdering is not wrong’ are inconsistent sentences. In this paper, I explain the nature of the problem, and why the best efforts of Gibbard, Dreier, and Horgan and Timmons don’t solve it. Then I show how to diagnose where the problem comes from, and conseque...

The cutting stock problem is an important problem in the field of combinational optimization. In classic versions of this problem, the aim is to find a solution for cutting some equalwidth mother rolls into smaller parts with given width so that the amount of trim-loss become as small as possible. There are plenty of works which addressed the classic cutting stock problem. However in real world...

The redundancy allocation is one of the most important and useful problems in system optimization, especially in electrical and mechanical systems. The object of this problem is to maximize system reliability or availability within a minimum operation cost. Many works have been proposed in this area so far to draw the problem near to real-world situations. While in classic models the system com...