A widely held view of land plant relationships places liverworts as the first branch of the land plant tree, whereas some molecular analyses and a cladistic study of morphological characters indicate that hornworts are the earliest land plants. To help resolve this conflict, we used parsimony and likelihood methods to analyze a 6, 095-character data set composed of four genes (chloroplast rbcL ...

This symposium brings together seven systematic biologists to discuss the relationship between phylogenetic systematics (cladistics) and various branches of comparative biology. Cladistic theory and method were not the focus of this symposium, but rather it addressed how the results of cladistics—that is, hypotheses about phylogenetic pattern—are an essential component of historical analysis. T...

Notarchirico is at a nodal point in time and space for understanding the settlement of Europe terms migration or situ evolution. Former technological analyses have not shown significant differences between different lithic assemblages Notarchirico. Our approach here to produce phylogenetic analysis taken as terminal interpreted cultural units. In cladistic framework, characters are hypotheses r...

nts a cladistic analysis of the de original three orthobothriotaxic chactas ovchinnikovi Gromov ( alaeopisthacanthids and the Ea trichobothria are reported is ividual trichobothrium, ado ium’s development. Of particu s, which the results of this stud n the derivation of orthobothrio ent scorpions, binding between the clades ‘buthids + pseudocha hobothriotaxic types are defined bothrial pattern,...

A morphologically based cladistic analysis of 40 genera included within the Trichostrongyloidea (Amidostomatidae, Dromaeostrongylidae and Trichostrongylidae) is proposed. Two genera were used as outgroups, one from the Strongylina and the other from the Ancylostomatina. Seven genera do not appear in the matrix because some significant morphological characters remain unknown for these genera. No...

Advocates of cladistic parsimony methods have invoked the philosophy of Karl Popper in an attempt to argue for the superiority of those methods over phylogenetic methods based on Ronald Fisher's statistical principle of likelihood. We argue that the concept of likelihood in general, and its application to problems of phylogenetic inference in particular, are highly compatible with Popper's phil...

A two-stage cladistic analysis of 114 characters from adult and immature stage morphology provided phylogenetic hypotheses for the diverse Neotropical nymphalid butterfly genus Adelpha Hübner. Higher-level cladistic relationships were inferred for thirty Adelpha species and twenty other species of Limenitidini, confirming the monophyly of Adelpha as currently conceived and indicating several mo...

INTRODUCTION With the increase in genotype data generated by high throughput typing technologies, there is currently a lack of complexity-oriented analytical methods that can maximise the information obtained from these raw data for the study of complex diseases. We introduce the cladistic analysis that is traditionally applied in evolution studies and taxonomy, to specify relevant comparisons ...