Who will guard the guardians? Political scientists since Plato have sought to answer this, the central question of the civil-military relations subfield. Although civil-military relations is a very broad subject, encompassing the entire range of relationships between the military and civilian society at every level, the field largely focuses on the control or direction of the military by the hi...

duties are heavyr, and who think that a little management might give relief;?we would say, " Go and live with one," "Where a Civil Surgeon, in a large station and in full practice, has the charge of a jail, (administrative and professional,) of a lunatic asylum, and dispensary, besides the charge of outposts, no one, -who has not witnessed it, can tell the amount of " work" which he has to perf...

The rise and decline of free trade in the 19th century and the attendant economic and political consequences of these trends have always intrigued historians and economists. In the difficult times following World War I, when international trade relations had to be rebuilt, the free trade episode among European countries in the second half of the 19th century was perceived as a golden age. Durin...

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184832.].

The revolutionary transformation in Russian science toward the Soviet model of research started even before the revolution of 1917. It was triggered by the crisis of World War I, in response to which Russian academics proposed radical changes in the goals and infrastructure of the country's scientific effort. Their drafts envisioned the recognition of science as a profession separate from teach...

Through the past 60 years, forests, now of various age classes, have been established in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula through nationwide efforts to reestablish forests since the Korean War (1950-53), during which more than 65% of the nation's forest was destroyed. Careful evaluation of long-term changes in vegetation growth after reforestation is one of the essential steps to ensur...

During the Gulf War a number of subjects presented with panic, hyperventilation, and inability to wear respirators when chemical alarms were sounded, despite a perceived real chemical threat. Twenty-five such sufferers were seen at the Psychiatric Department of 33 General (Surgical) Hospital. This paper considers the aetiology of such responses, describes a mode of treatment which can be used i...

Despite over US $200 million having been spent researching illnesses following the 1990-91 Persian Gulf War, the nature and cause of such illnesses remains controversial. In this narrative review, we discuss some of the methodological issues that have affected epidemiological studies on this topic. These include low-response rates, ascertainment bias, recall bias, problems identifying suitable ...

Note: This draft chapter was first written almost twenty years ago for a textbook that never got finished. (Or, to be more precise, my chapters were pretty much finished; my co-authors’ chapter wasn’t. Too bad, because we had a contract for the textbook with Oxford University Press.) One co-author, Richmond Thomason, also contributed to this chapter, though it was mainly written by me. The pres...