To reveal the effects of cultural conditions on the cytotoxicity of hexavalent chromium, the uptake of sodium chromate (Na2CrO4) by KB cells and the colony-forming efficiency of the cells were examined under various cultural conditions. The results were summarized as follows: 1) The chromium uptake by the cells after a certain period of incubation with hexavalent chromium was inhibited with the...

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE Chromium is an essential mineral for carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Results of previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses of chromium supplementation and metabolic profiles in diabetes have been inconsistent. Recently, several published trials have emerged. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the effects on metabolic profiles and safet...

Chromium (VI), also known as hexavalent chromium, is the second most stable oxidation state of chromium. Rarely occurring naturally, most chromium (VI) compounds are manufactured (products or by-products). Chromium (VI) can be reduced to the more stable chromium (III) in the presence of reducing agents (e.g. iron) or oxidizable organic matter (OSHA, 2006). Selected chemical and physical propert...

Chromium is an essential nutrient involved in the metabolism of glucose, insulin and blood lipids. Suboptimal dietary intake of chromium is associated with increased risk factors associated with diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Within the past five years, chromium has been shown to improve glucose and related variables in subjects with glucose intolerance and type 1, type 2, gestational an...

A novel radio frequency magnetron sputtering method for the deposition of composite films which consist of chromium oxide and chromium ~Cr2O3/Cr-cermet! is presented. As an extension to conventional reactive sputtering of a Cr target in an argon and oxygen atmosphere the oxygen flow into the process chamber is switched periodically on and off. This leads to an oscillating oxygen partial pressur...

It has been proposed that 90% of American's diets are deficient in the trace essential mineral chromium. Several chromium(III) dietary supplements are currently available to alleviate this deficiency. We show here that the same pharmacokinetic models that have been used to quantitate absorption of chromium(III) in humans predict that ingested chromium(III) will accumulate and be retained in hum...

Toxic heavy metal pollution of water and soil is a major environmental concern for which conventional remediation approaches do not provide an appropriate solution. Phytoremediation, which involves removal of pollutants from water and soil through plants, is of low cost and environmentally friendly. In this study, the phytoremediation potential of Lemna minor for the uptake of Cr(VI) at the opt...

Animal studies conducted in the 1950's, first suggested that chromium played a role in glucose metabolism. Experiments that restricted chromium intake in monkeys and rats were able to induce a state of glucose intolerance. This condition, similar to diabetes, was readily reversible with chromium supplementation. Clinical relevance were reported in the late 1970's when several cases of patients ...