BACKGROUND Cholera outbreaks are a continuing problem in Bangladesh, and the timely detection of an outbreak is important for reducing morbidity and mortality. In Matlab, the ongoing Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) data records symptoms of diarrhea in children under the age of 5 years at the community level. Cholera surveillance in Matlab currently uses hospital-based data. ...

BACKGROUND The communities in fishing villages in the Great Lakes Region of Africa and particularly in Uganda experience recurrent cholera outbreaks that lead to considerable mortality and morbidity. We evaluated cholera epidemiology and population characteristics in the fishing villages of Uganda to better target prevention and control interventions of cholera and contribute to its elimination...

BACKGROUND In highly populated African urban areas where access to clean water is a challenge, water source contamination is one of the most cited risk factors in a cholera epidemic. During the rainy season, where there is either no sewage disposal or working sewer system, runoff of rains follows the slopes and gets into the lower parts of towns where shallow wells could easily become contamina...

Recurrent cholera causes significant morbidity and mortality among the growing population of Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh. Previous studies have demonstrated that household contacts of cholera patients are at >100 times higher risk of cholera during the week after the presentation of the index patient. Our prospective study investigated the mode of transmission of Vibrio cholerae, the ...

Cholera toxin is associated with caveolae and raft domains in various cell types and previous studies have shown that cholera toxin can be internalized by caveolae/raft-dependent endocytosis as well as by other pathways. We undertook the study of cholera toxin endocytosis in CaCo-2 and HeLa cells. CaCo-2 cells do not express detectable levels of caveolin and, relative to HeLa cells, also presen...

BACKGROUND A stationary (i.e., constant through time) association between El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and epidemics of cholera in Bangladesh has been widely assumed. However, whether or not elements of the local climate that are relevant for cholera transmission have stationary signatures of the IOD on their dynamics over different time scales is still not...

Cholera in the nineteenth century has proved an enduring topic for historians. In 1961 Asa Briggs called for analysis of cholera as an under-utilized yet potentially powerful tool for the emerging discipline of social history.2 Researchers in the field responded with a plethora of works on this most brutal of epidemic diseases. Despite methodological and interpretative differences, the literatu...

In the mid-19th century, the German hygienist Max von Pettenkofer viewed cholera as resulting from the interaction between a postulated cholera germ and the characteristics of soils. In order to cause cholera, the cholera germ had to become a cholera miasma, but this transformation required prolonged contact of the germ with dry and porous soils when groundwater levels were low. This hypothetic...

in order to show the type and severity of gross and histopathologic lesions induce by vaccinal strain (serotype a1) of pateurella mulocida, ten four-week-old spf chickens were inoculated intramuscularly with 75 cfu of ( 0.5 ml of 10-7 dilution) bacterium. all birds died in less than 16 hours. no prominent gross lesions were observed in different organs. in microscopic examination, the most comm...

A total of 23 cases of cholera were diagnosed between 1985-87 in the Pathology Department of the Army Medical College, Rawalpindi. All the cases belonged to different localities of Rawalpindi and no clustering of cholera cases was seen. Moreover, no common source of infection could be ascertained. Although no epidemic of cholera has been reported from anywhere in Pakistan since 1967 but the pre...