OBJECTIVE To compare the cost effectiveness of various strategies for neonatal hearing screening by estimating the cost per hearing impaired child detected. DESIGN Cost analyses with a simulation model, including a multivariate sensitivity analysis. Comparisons of the cost per child detected were made for: screening method (automated auditory brainstem response or otoacoustic emissions); numb...

Child protection conferences (CPCs) are multiagency meetings that central to child procedures in the UK. They bring together practitioners, parents and children consider whether a has experienced significant harm and, if so, what action is required protect him or her future. This article presents findings from qualitative study of CPCs two areas England which explored extent ‘child-focused’ eve...

A fertility gap—the difference between a woman’s ideal number of children and her actual children—is prevalent in both directions. We investigate the distribution gap India factors that lead to women exceeding or underachieving their children. find preference for males has significant effect, contributing negative as well positive gap. The probability woman exceeds reduces by 7 percent 2005–06 ...

This longitudinal study examined processes that mediate the association between maternal depressive symptoms and peer social preference during the early school years. Three hundred and fifty six kindergarten children (182 boys) and their mothers participated in the study. During kindergarten, mothers reported their level of depressive symptomatology. In first grade, teachers rated children's em...

While recent studies confirm parental child sex preference in less developed countries, its pattern varies. Son preference is especially prevalent in Bangladesh, China, India, and Pakistan. Sex preference in sub-Saharan Africa is a neglected area of enquiry. Completed research focuses on women’s views to the neglect of men, despite the latter’s importance as primary decision-makers. This study ...

While recent studies confirm parental child sex preference in less developed countries, its pattern varies. Son preference is especially prevalent in Bangladesh, China, India, and Pakistan. Sex preference in sub-Saharan Africa is a neglected area of enquiry. Completed research focuses on women's views to the neglect of men, despite the latter's importance as primary decision-makers. This study ...

In this paper, we first use a fuzzy preference relation with a membership function representing preference degree forcomparing two interval-valued fuzzy numbers and then utilize a relative preference relation improved from the fuzzypreference relation to rank a set of interval-valued fuzzy numbers. Since the fuzzy preference relation is a total orderingrelation that satisfies reciprocal and tra...

Early life stress leads to several effects on neurological development, affecting health and well-being later in life. Instances of child abuse and neglect are associated with higher rates of depression, risk taking behavior, and an increased risk of drug abuse later in life. This study used repeated neonatal separation of rat pups as a model of early life stress. Rat pups were either handled a...