As the technology of enhanced oil recovery by gas injection has already been applied worldwide, the research of the transmit mechanism between injected-gas and oil is important to the optimization of gas injection plan. Diffusion is an important phenomenon during the process of gas injection displacement. Because of diffusion, gas molecules will penetrate into the oil phase, while the oil will ...

Nitrogen gas is a staple of the chemical industry. Because it is an inert gas, nitrogen is suitable for a wide range of applications covering various aspects of chemical manufacturing, processing, handling, and shipping. Due to its low reactivity, nitrogen is an excellent blanketing and purging gas that can be used to protect valuable products from harmful contaminants. It also enables the safe...

We discuss the chemical pre-conditions for planet formation, in terms of gas and ice abundances in a protoplanetary disk, as function of time and position, and the resulting chemical composition and cloud properties in the atmosphere when young gas giant planets form, in particular discussing the effects of unusual, non-solar carbon and oxygen abundances. Large deviations between the abundances...

It is shown, that self-gravitating systems can be classified by a dimensionless constant positive number κ = ST/E, which can be determined from the (global) values for the entropy, temperature and (total) energy. The Kerr-Newman black hole family is characterized by κ in the range 0−1/2, depending on the dimensionless ratios of angular momentum and charge squared to the horizon area, J/A and Q/...

We report a theoretical study of sulphur chemistry, as applied to hot cores, where S-bearing molecular ratios have been previously proposed and used as chemical clocks. As in previous models, we follow the S-bearing molecular composition after the injection of grain mantle components into the gas phase. For this study, we developed a time-dependent chemical model with up-to-date reaction rate c...

Le Chatelier's principle is used as a very simple way to predict the effect of a change in conditions on a chemical equilibrium. . However, several studies have reported the violation of this principle, still there is no reported simple mathematical equation to express the exact condition of violation in the gas phase reactions. In this article, we derived a simple equation for the violation of...

in an experiment, chemical composition, phenolics and fermentation parameters of different parts of raisin co-products (rc) were determined using in vitro gas production with or without polyethylene glycol (peg). different parts of rc included rejected raisins, pedicle, rachis, mixture of raisins, pedicle and rachis, and shekarak (a powder product obtained following sorting of raisins for packi...

The water leak-off during hydraulic fracturing in shale gas reservoirs is a complicated transport behavior involving thermal (T), hydrodynamic (H), mechanical (M) and chemical (C) processes. Although many leak-off models have been published, none of the models fully coupled the transient fluid flow modeling with heat transfer, chemical-potential equilibrium and natural-fracture dilation phenome...