Recent reports have brought back the acetylcholine synthesizing enzyme, choline acetyltransferase in the mainstream research in dementia and the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Here we report, a specific strategy for the design of novel ChAT ligands based on molecular docking, Hologram Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (HQSAR) and lead optimization. Molecular docking was perfo...

This study demonstrates the presence of positive and negative regulatory elements within a 2336-base pair-long region of the rat choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) gene promoter that cooperate to direct cell type-specific expression in cholinergic cells. A 21-base pair-long neuron-restrictive silencer element (NRSE) was identified in the proximal part of this region. This element was recognized b...

~~: Abstract. Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) influences the levels of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in cultures of dissociated sYmpathetic neurons from newborn rats. In the presence of CNTF both the total and specific activity of ChAT was increased 7 d after culture by 15and 18-fold, respectively, as compared to cultures kept in the absence of CNTF. Between ...

Agency is potentially an important concept for CSCL as researchers think about the effectiveness of online learning environments and the ways they encourage groups to take active control of their learning activities. This paper reports on several sessions of mathematics problem solving in the VMT Chat environment. The VMT Chat is a synchronous chat and whiteboard space for students to collabora...

The dorsal cap of Kooy of the inferior olive (DC) is involved in compensatory eye movements. The rat DC receives a prominent input from the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (NPH); part of these axon terminals are immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and part of them are GABAergic. In the present study we investigated the fine distribution of cholinergic terminals in the rat DC, and ...

The enteric nervous system is formed by neural crest cells that proliferate, migrate and colonize the gut. Following colonization, neural crest cells must then differentiate into neurons with markers specific for their neurotransmitter phenotype. Cholinergic neurons, a major neurotransmitter phenotype in the enteric nervous system, are identified by staining for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)...

In vielen Lernszenarien und –plattformen wird Chat für die synchrone Kommunikation innerhalb einer Lerngruppe genutzt. Das Kommunikationsmedium Chat hat – wie alle Kommunikationsmedien – spezifische Vorund Nachteile, die bei der Auswahl dieses Mediums im Rahmen eines Lernszenarios zu berücksichtigen sind. Für die Beurteilung eines Chats, insbesondere inwieweit das tatsächliche Kommunikationsver...

Chat tools are an integral part of many collaborative e-learning environments. However, standard chat tools suffer from important coordination and coherence deficiencies. The solution proposed in this paper is a generic framework for building malleable structured chat applications. The paper discusses the approach and the main design decisions, emphasizing the importance of dynamic malleability...

How is Meaning Communicated through Online Instruction Importance of Synchronous Discussion Definition Importance Synchronous Discussion for TESOL Teachers Advantages and Disadvantages of Chat Groups Advantages Disadvantages Pedagogical Uses of Chat Groups Why Pedagogy Constructivism Synchronous Discussion as Mindtools Strategies for Facilitating Effective Chat Discussions Netiquette Assessing ...

Students encountering each other for the first time were asked to converse for 30 minutes either face-to-face or through online chat. Conversational quality was compared to examine the possibility that specific social differences in communicative style are reduced or erased in online chat. As expected, gender differences evident in face-to-face conversation were absent online. However, conversa...