Using Rho GTPases-inhibiting clostridial cytotoxins, we showed recently in RBL cells that the GTPase Rac is involved in Fc RI (high-affinity receptor for IgE) signaling and receptormediated calcium mobilization, including influx via calcium release-activated calcium channels. Here, we studied the role of Rho GTPases in muscarinic M1 receptor signaling in RBL 2H3hm1 cells. Clostridium difficile ...

Avestan’ is the name of the ritual language of Zoroastrianism, which was the state religion of the Iranian empire in Achaemenid, Arsacid and Sasanid times, covering a time span of more than 1200 years. It is named after the ‘Avesta’, i.e., the collection of holy scriptures that form the basis of the religion which was allegedly founded by Zarathushtra, also known as Zoroaster, by about the begi...

Human selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (hGPx1) (EC 1.11.1.9) is thought to be involved in many critical cellular functions as a result of its role in glutathione-mediated reduction of toxic peroxides, and it is implicated as a mechanism of resistance against oxygen free radicals. Previous studies have demonstrated that the gene encoding hGPx1 (hgpx1) is more highly expressed in multidr...

The concept of a biosphere comes from putting together data furnished by several disciplines such as biology, geology, chemistry and biochemistry, which link living matter and the matter of the upper layers of the planet. The term biosphere, which has been usually attributed to Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863–1945), seems to have been coined by Eduard Suess (1831–1914). However, when Suess f...

Through the centuries, numerous travellers and orientalists visited Persia (Iran) and described the country and its inhabitants in their travel writings. These travel accounts comprise valuable historical information about the people and their traditions. A literature on travel writings indicate that surprisingly, despite the importance of these recordings, the studies related to the different ...

Gaia theory, first proposed in 1970 by British chemist James Lovelock and later elaborated by microbiologist Lynn Margulis, has developed from a controversial hypothesis to a broadly accepted set of ideas about the relationships among Earth's physical, chemical and biological features. Gaia theory represents a creative synthesis that has emerged through and built upon reductionist science, view...

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the ras-related protein Rholp is essentially the only target for ADPribosylation by exoenzyme C3 of Clostridium botulinum. Using C3 to detect Rholp in subcellular fractions, Rholp was found primarily in the 10,000 g pellet (P2) containing large organelles ; small amounts also were detected in the 100,000 g pellet (P3), and cytosol . When P2 organelles were separated ...