Example 1.1. A field homomorphism K → F is a character by restricting it to the nonzero elements of K (that is, using G = K×) and ignoring the additive aspect of a field homomorphism. In particular, when L/K is a field extension any element of Aut(L/K) is a field homomorphism L→ L and therefore is a character of L× with values in L×. Example 1.2. For any α ∈ F×, the map Z→ F× by k 7→ αk is a ch...

Theoretical considerations often suggest that ecological parameters of insects evolve rapidly, so that close taxa differentiate or distant ones converge. Phylogenetic analysis provides evidence both for and against such hypotheses. Ecological data may be incorporated into phylogeny reconstruction or evaluated against existing cladograms. Explicit statements regarding definition of alternative c...

In this study, 208 young adults completed questionnaires measuring their perceptions of and responses to their favorite fictional television characters, both male and female. Measures included perceived attitude similarity, perceived character attributes (smart, successful, attractive, funny, violent, admired), and wishful identification with the characters. Wishful identification was defined a...

Subject performance in reading characters on mobile phone liquid crystal displays was researched by using (a) English sentences with 3 or 4 different sizes of characters on 2 types of displays with different resolutions (n=23; age=31.6+/-6.0 years), (b) Japanese characters in 3 different sizes and 2 types of font (n=98; age=44.5+/-18.5 years), and (c) Japanese characters vertically enlarged 1-4...

It is difficult to create scenes where multiple characters densely interact with each other. Manually creating the motions of characters is time consuming due to the correlation of the movements between the characters. Capturing the motions of multiple characters is also difficult as it requires a huge amount of post-processing of the data. In this paper, we explain the methods we have proposed...

Neural changes related to learning of the meaning of Chinese characters in English speakers were examined using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We examined item specific learning effects for trained characters, but also the generalization of semantic knowledge to novel transfer characters that shared a semantic radical (part of a character that gives a clue to word meaning, e.g. w...

Analysis of handwritten characters (allographs) plays an important role in forensic document examination. However, so far there lacks a comprehensive and quantitative study on individuality of handwritten characters. Based on a large number of handwritten characters extracted from handwriting samples of 1000 individuals in US, the individuality of handwritten characters has been quantitatively ...

Flower morphology of 10 Fritillaria species of subgenera Theresia and Fritillaria growing wild in Iran is studied using seventy morphological characters. Qualitative and quantitative datasets separated taxa into subgenera, sectional and groups. Three enigmatic species F. caucasica, F. zagrica (endemic to Zagros Mountains) and F. pinardii (recently reported from Zagros Mountains) appeared as clo...

Characters play an important role in the Chinese language, yet computational processing of Chinese has been dominated by word-based approaches, with leaves in syntax trees being words. We investigate Chinese parsing from the character-level, extending the notion of phrase-structure trees by annotating internal structures of words. We demonstrate the importance of character-level information to ...

WINTER 2011 39 The way people interact with robots appears to be fundamentally different from how they interact with most other technologies. People tend to ascribe a level of intelligence and sociability to robots that influences their perceptions of how the interactions should proceed. If a robot, for its part, adheres to this ascription, then the interactions tend to be natural and engaging;...