critical thinking is necessary to read the scientific literature. however, in addition to questions about the science, often one must also question the meaning of the text. this article provides an example of the analyses needed to understand a single sentence. in so doing, it raises several interesting issues of meaning, measurement, statistical analyses, and the form in which results are pres...

False memories, or recollections that are factually incorrect but strongly believed, remain a source of confusion for both psychiatrists and neurologists. We propose model for false memories based on recent experimental investigations, particularly when analyzed in comparison to confabulations, which are the equivalent of false memories from neurological disease. Studies using the Deese/Roeding...

One of the most prominently observed behavior patterns in decision making under risk is the certainty e¤ect: subjects tend to overvalue risk-free prospects, even in violation of expected utility, as shown, for example, in the Allais paradoxes. This tendency is captured behaviorally by Negative Certainty Independence (NCI), which requires that if a decision maker prefers the lottery p over a cer...