background: deltamethrin (dm) is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide that can elicit neurotoxicity, and lead to apoptosis. there is accumulating evidence that oleuropein (oe) has anti-apoptotic effect. this study aimed at determining the dm toxicity and anti-apoptotic effect of oe pretreatment in cerebellar purkinje neurons. materials and methods: rats were randomly divided into four groups as f...

ÐMarr [J. Physiol. (1969) 202, 437±470] and Albus [Math. Biosci. (1971) 10, 25±61] hypothesized that cerebellar learning is facilitated by a granule cell sparse code, i.e. a neural code in which the fraction of active neurons is low at any one time. In this paper, we re-examine this hypothesis in light of recent experimental and theoretical ®ndings. We argue that cerebellar motor learning is en...

The omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic (DHA) inversely relates to neurological impairments with aging. However, limited non-dietary in vivo models specifically depleting brain DHA have direct linkage of aging processes. We discovered that loss long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 6 (ACSL6) depletes membrane phospholipid levels. Here, the effects depletion on behavioral and outcomes across natural pro...

The cerebellar and vestibular nuclei consist of a heterogeneous group of inhibitory and excitatory neurons. A major proportion of the inhibitory neurons provides a GABAergic feedback to the inferior olive, while the excitatory neurons exert more direct effects on motor control via non-olivary structures. At present is is not clear whether Purkinje cells innervate all types of neurons in the cer...

ALL CEREBELLAR NEURONS DERIVE FROM PROGENITORS THAT PROLIFERATE IN TWO GERMINAL NEUROEPITHELIA: the ventricular zone (VZ) generates GABAergic neurons, whereas the rhombic lip is the origin of glutamatergic types. Among VZ-derivatives, GABAergic projection neurons, and interneurons are generated according to distinct strategies. Projection neurons (Purkinje cells and nucleo-olivary neurons) are ...

Lithium (Li), a glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) inhibitor, has used to attenuate thecannabinoid-induced dependence/withdrawal signs, but molecular mechanisms related to this areunclear. Recent studies indicate the involvement of upstream extracellular signal kinase1/2 (ERK1/2)and downstream GSK-3β pathways in the development of cannabinoid-induced dependence. Thisis mediated through cannab...

Lithium (Li), a glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) inhibitor, has used to attenuate thecannabinoid-induced dependence/withdrawal signs, but molecular mechanisms related to this areunclear. Recent studies indicate the involvement of upstream extracellular signal kinase1/2 (ERK1/2)and downstream GSK-3β pathways in the development of cannabinoid-induced dependence. Thisis mediated through cannab...

Cerebellar anatomy is known for its crystal like structure, where neurons and connections are precisely and repeatedly organized with minor variations across the Cerebellar Cortex. The olivo-cerebellar loop, denoting the connections between the Cerebellar cortex, Inferior Olive and Cerebellar Nuclei (CN), is also modularly organized to form what is known as the cerebellar module. In contrast to...

The Edinger-Westphal nucleus in goldfish was identified by retrograde labeling from the ciliary ganglion. In the same animals a few neurons near this nucleus (perinuclear Edinger-Westphal neurons) were labeled by a different retrograde tracer injected into the cerebellum. No double-labeled cells were found. Similar results were obtained in kelp bass, except that in this species no cerebellar-pr...

The roles of cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels in sensory transduction have long been recognized. More recent studies found that CNG channels are distributed in multiple brain regions involved in memory and learning, including the cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum. These findings suggest that their functions are not limited to sensory perception, but also to neuronal plasticity phenomena,...