Many cases of intercontinental disjunct distributions of seed plants have been investigated, however few have concerned the continents of Eurasia (mainly Central Asia), Africa, and Australia, especially the xerophytic lineages are lacking. Nitraria (Nitrariaceae) is just one of these xerophytic lineages. Previous Nitraria studies have hypothesized either Africa as the ancient center, with dispe...

the objective of this paper is to shed light on the islamic republic of iran's foreign policy toward the middle east in the period 1979-2007. iran's relations with pakistan and turkey within the framework of eco can be defined as friendly and neighborly since the revolution. iran- iraq ties until 2003 can only be termed as antagonistic and conflict-prone. in 1980-1988, the two neighbo...

The coronavirus pandemic has become a classic "black swan" and made significant adjustments to international relations. Republic of Turkey, considering the Central Asian region (CA) as an important direction its foreign policy, also faced need respond challenges pandemic. Based on this, subject this article is relations between Turkey countries after outbreak pandemic, well identification new p...