dye sensitized solar cell was fabricated from a double layer photoanode. first, tio2 nanoparticles  were synthesized by hydrothermal method. these tio2 nps were deposited on fto glasses by electrophoretic deposition  method in applied voltage of 5 v and epd time of 2.5-10 min. then tio2 hollow spheres (hss) were synthesized by sacrificed template method with carbon spheres as template and ttip ...

Battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are commonly used in smart grids. Voltage deviation or imbalance among cells generally exists multi-cell battery packs. This work presents a study of the voltage deviation-related phenomena observed during operation grid-tied BESS, Willenhall Energy Storage System (WESS), including changes full range cycle and cut-off mechanism activated by it. Electroimpe...

Neurones are noisy elements. Noise arises from both intrinsic and extrinsic sources, and manifests itself as fluctuations in the membrane potential. These fluctuations limit the accuracy of a neurone's output but have also been suggested to play a computational role. We present a detailed study of the amplitude and spectrum of voltage noise recorded at the soma of layer IV-V pyramidal neurones ...

Several reports have recently been published on effects of very short and intense electric pulses on cellular organelles; in a number of cases, the cell plasma membrane appeared to be affected less than certain organelle membranes, whereas with longer and less intense pulses the opposite is the case. The effects are the consequence of the voltages induced on themembranes, and in this article we...

Temperature, voltage and fuel flow distribution all contribute considerably to fuel cell performance. Conventional methods cannot accurately determine parameter changes inside a fuel cell. This investigation developed flexible and multi-functional micro sensors on a 40 μm-thick stainless steel foil substrate by using micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) and embedded them in a proton exchange...

This paper presents a new method for estimating the capacity of a lithium ion battery cell in the presence of a reference cell the parameters of which are well characterized in series with it. The method assumes that both cells are cycled using the same current trajectory starting from the same state of charge (e.g. fully charged). Voltage measurements for both cells as well as current measurem...