Several important and fundamental aspects of disease genetics models have yet to be described. One such property is the relationship of disease association statistics at a marker site closely linked to a disease causing site. A complete description of this two-locus system is of particular importance to experimental efforts to fine map association signals for complex diseases. Here, we present ...

This paper explores the discrete Dynamic Causal Modeling (DDCM) and its relationship with Directed Information (DI). We prove the conditional equivalence between DDCM and DI in characterizing the causal relationship between two brain regions. The theoretical results are demonstrated using fMRI data obtained under both resting state and stimulus based state. Our numerical analysis is consistent ...

Causal reasoning has been shown to underlie many aspects of everyday judgment and decision-making. We explore the role of causal structure in conditional reasoning, hypothesizing that people often interpret conditional statements as assertions about causal structure. We argue that responses on the Wason selection task reflect the selection of evidence expected to maximally reduce uncertainty ov...

Utilizing Bayesian beliefnetworks as a model of causality, we examined medical students' ability to discover causal relationships from observational data. Nine sets ofpatient cases were generatedfrom relatively simple causal beliefnetworks by stochastic simulation. Twenty participants examined the data sets and attempted to discover the underlying causal relafionships. Performance was poor in g...

BACKGROUND The court proceedings after the terrorist attacks on 22 July 2011 reignited the debate on the justification for having a rule that regulates the insanity defence exclusively on the basis of a medical condition – the medical principle. The psychological principle represents an alternative that requires a causal relationship between the psychosis and the acts committed. In this article...