This paper attempts to analyze the main justifications for expansion of Girl Guides in Brazil, a movement that featured strong expression female association, tactic mobilized by certain Catholic intellectuals legitimize their circulation public space. It indicates education, culture and assistance as important fronts, group actions aimed at securing foundations Brazilian society. Although eleme...

OBJECTIVE To study the relative importance of various determinants of total and cause-specific infant and early childhood mortality rates and their decline in The Netherlands in the period 1875-1879 to 1895-1899. DATA AND METHODS Mortality and population data were derived from Statistics Netherlands for 16 towns and 11 rural areas. Mortality levels and their decline were estimated with a Pois...

The Enfranchisement of Women and the Welfare State We offer a rationale for the decision to extend the franchise to women within a politicoeconomic model where men are richer than women, women display a higher preference for public goods, and women’s disenfranchisement carries a societal cost. We first derive the tax rate chosen by the male median voter when women are disenfranchised. Next we s...