Though it is accepted that emerging infectious diseases are a threat to planet biodiversity, little information exists about their role as drivers of species extinction. Populations are also affected by natural catastrophes and other pathogens, making it difficult to estimate the particular impact of emerging infectious diseases. Border disease virus genogroup 4 (BDV-4) caused a previously unre...

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are originally derived from the ICM of blastocysts and are characterized by their ability to self-renew and their pluripotencies. Only a few reports have been published on ESC isolations and line establishment in animals, even fewer in horses. However, it is still important to isolate equine ESCs for animal biotechnology and therapeutic applications. In the present s...

Concern about emerging diseases has risen in recent years, and multihost situations have become increasingly relevant for wildlife management and conservation. We present data on Asturias, northern Spain, where 80 mangy red deer (Cervus elaphus) have been found since the beginning of the epizootic in chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica parva) in 1993. We combine field and necropsy data with the result...

In this paper we consider the generalized Catalan numbers F (s, n) = 1 (s−1)n+1 ( sn n ) , which we call s-Catalan numbers. We find all natural numbers n such that for p prime, p divides F (p, n), q ≥ 1 and all distinct residues of F (p, n) (mod p), q = 1, 2. As a byproduct we settle a question of Hough and the late Simion on the divisibility of the 4-Catalan numbers by 4. We also prove that ( ...

The aim in this paper is to collect in one place a list of currently known and new structures enumerated by the k-ary numbers. Some of the structures listed already exist in the folk-lore, especially those that are easy generalizations of known combinatorial structures enumerated by the Catalan numbers. We will provide outlines on how the proofs for the Catalan structures generalize, and give p...

With a crystallographic root system Φ, there are associated two Catalan objects, the set of nonnesting partitions NN(Φ), and the cluster complex ∆(Φ). These possess a number of enumerative coincidences, many of which are captured in a surprising identity, first conjectured by Chapoton. We prove this conjecture, and indicate its generalisation for the Fuß-Catalan objects NN (Φ) and ∆(Φ), conject...

This paper reports the results of two experiments aimed at assessing the perceived similarity between a set of English and Catalan vowels from the perspective of native speakers of both languages. Two groups of 27 listeners, a group of native English speakers and a group of native Catalan speakers, used a 9-point scale to rate the degree of similarity between two stimuli. Crucial stimuli consis...

This paper presents the Multilingual Translation Service of eTITLE, a European eContent project, which has produced tools to assist in the multilingual subtitling of audiovisual material through the web. The eTITLE Translation Service combines state-of-the-art Machine translation and Translation memories, which may be tailored to the customer needs. The user can choose to use only Machine Trans...

In this paper, we define sequence dominated by 0, in which every initial fragment contains more zeroes than ones. If n ≥ 2 · m and n > 0, then the number of sequences dominated by 0 the length n including m of ones, is given by the formula

An entomological survey was carried out in 2007 in two Pyrenean counties of Lleida province (north-eastern Spain), where cases of autochthonous canine leishmaniasis have been recently reported. Phlebotomus ariasi and P. perniciosus, vectors of Leishmania infantum in the Mediterranean area, were captured. The aim of the present study was to compare these phlebotomine populations with others capt...