Sudden changes in the aerodynamic loads acting on trains can result derailment or overturning. The impacts of infrastructure scenarios performance are significant. When high-speed travel from one scenario to another one, and flow field will change suddenly. It is a commonly western China for HSTs exit tunnel with crosswinds. In order investigate evolution, three-dimensional, compressible, unste...

BACKGROUND Faecal carriage of ESBL-producing bacteria is a potential risk for transmission and infection. Little is known about faecal carriage of antibiotic resistance in Tanzania. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of faecal carriage of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae and to identify risk factors for carriage among young children in Tanzania. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Fro...

BACKGROUND Day-care centre (DCC) attendees play a central role in maintaining the circulation of Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) in the population. The prevalence of pneumococcal carriage is highest in DCC attendees but varies across countries and is found to be consistently lower in Finland than in Portugal. We compared key parameters underlying pneumococcal transmission in DCCs to und...

A total of 83 male homosexuals were studied to ascertain the carriage of intestinal protozoal cysts. The homosexual group had a significantly (p less than 0.0005) higher prevalence than a control group. One or more types of protozoa were found in 33 homosexuals. The carriage of intestinal protozoal cysts was associated with particular sexual practices and promiscuity, but not with symptomatic b...

coagulase-negative staphylococci (cons) have been identified as a major cause of nosocomial infections. nasal carriage of cons in nurses and physicians is known to be an important risk factor for potential hospital infections. this study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of nasal carriage of uncommon coagulase-negative staphylococci among nurse and physician staffs of tehran univers...

BACKGROUND Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus is a risk for infections. Targeted decolonization reduces postoperative infections but depends on accurate screening. AIM To compare detection of S. aureus carriage in healthy individuals between anatomical sites and nurse- versus self-swabbing; also to determine whether a single nasal swab predicted carriage over four weeks. METHODS Healthy indi...

BACKGROUND Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) reduce nasopharyngeal carriage of vaccine type (VT) pneumococci, an important driver of vaccine programs' overall benefits. The dosing schedule that best reduces carriage is unclear. METHODS We performed a systematic review of English language publications from 1994 to 2010 (supplemented post hoc with studies from 2011) reporting PCV effects on...

Background: Young people’s compliance with carriage of adrenaline auto-injectors (AAI) may be as low as 41%, yet we lack research exploring their preferences regarding these devices. Objective: This qualitative study explored young people’s ideas about AAI design and features which may facilitate their carriage and use. Methods: Young people aged 13-18 years prescribed an AAI for severe allergi...

INTRODUCTION Data on the prevalence of nasopharyngeal carriage of S.pneumoniae in all age groups are important to help predict the impact of introducing pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) into routine infant immunization, given the important indirect effect of the vaccine. Yet most carriage studies are limited to children under five years of age. We here explore the association between carri...

BACKGROUND Pathogenic bacteria are often asymptomatically carried in the nasopharynx. Bacterial carriage can be reduced by vaccination and has been used as an alternative endpoint to clinical disease in randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Vaccine efficacy (VE) is usually calculated as 1 minus a measure of effect. Estimates of vaccine efficacy from cross-sectional carriage data collected in RCT...