OBJECTIVE To review the literature on carcinogen derived biomarkers of exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS). These biomarkers are specifically related to known carcinogens in tobacco smoke and include urinary metabolites, DNA adducts, and blood protein adducts. METHOD Published reviews and the current literature were searched for relevant articles. RESULTS The most consistently elevat...

Introduction Interest in carcinogen adducts arose from studies carried out in the 1 960s and early 1970s that showed a common factor among genotoxic chemical carcinogens (e.g., nitrosamines, aromatic amines, azo-dyes, PAH,2 various natural products and alkylating agents) was that, despite their structural diversity, they were either intrinsically reactive toward cellular macromolecules on they ...

These experiments examined the effects of a single, subcarcinogenic dose of dimethylnitrosamine or 7V-hydroxyfluorenylacetamide when administered after a subcarcino genic dietary regimen of yV-2-fluorenylacetamide. Control rats that received either carcinogen diet alone or a single dose of carcinogen demonstrated neither hepatic nodules nor hepatocellular carcinomas. Those animals that received...

DNA repair and checkpoint pathways protect against carcinogen-induced toxicity. Here, we describe additional, equally protective pathways discovered by interrogating 4,733 yeast proteins for their ability to diminish toxicity induced by four known carcinogens. A computational mapping strategy for global phenotypic data was developed to build a systems toxicology model detailing recovery from ca...

Metals are one of five major categories of carcinogenic or toxic constituents in tobacco and tobacco smoke. Cadmium is highly volatile and a higher percentage of the total tobacco cadmium content is efficiently transferred to mainstream tobacco smoke than many other toxic metals in tobacco. Inhaled cadmium bioaccumulates in the lungs and is distributed beyond the lungs to other tissues, with a ...

Groups of 6 male rats were painted twice weekly with 1 ml of a 0.2% solution of an azo dye in acetone. The dyes used were aminoazobenzene, 4-monomethylaminoazobenzene, their 3methoxy analogs, and 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene. In each case, all rats developed multiple skin tumors of histologie types similar to those found in rats treated with other chemical classes of carcinogen. 3-Methoxy-4-monome...

The effects of sodium cyanate, tert-butyl isocyanate, and benzyl isothiocyanate on carcinogen-induced neoplasia were studied in experiments in which the test compound was fed starting 1 week following completion of carcinogen administrations. Under these conditions, all three test compounds exerted an inhibitory effect on the occurrence of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced neoplasia of the...

A marked and progressive decrease in epidermal hydroxyproline accompanied in duced epidermal carcinoma by methylcholanthrene in C3H mice. A decrease was also noted in the benzene-treated controls; but this was reversible, whereas the effect pro duced by the carcinogen was not. A progressive increase in epidermal tyrosine was ob served which was more marked in the carcinogen-treated animals than...

Ductile: Substances that can be drawn into thin wires are called ductile. For example, most of the metals are ductile. Question 2: Why is sodium kept immersed in kerosene oil? Answer: Sodium and potassium are very reactive metals and and combine explosively with air as well as water. Hence, they catch fire if kept in open. Therefore, to prevent accidental fires and accidents, sodium is stored i...

Diabetes mellitus and hepatocellular carcinoma both have detrimental impact on health worldwide. Type II diabetes and liver cancer share many causative factors, but biological correlation between the two diseases still remains elusive. The study was aimed to evaluate the effect of induction of diabetes during the development of hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Rats were divided into four groups na...