Background: Cholera toxin (CT), responsible for the harmful effects of cholera infection, is made up of one A subunit (enzymatic), and five B subunits (cell binding). The release of cholera toxin is the main reason for the debilitating loss of intestinal fluid. Inhibition of the B subunit (CTB) may block CT activity. Objective: To determine the effect of anti CTB-IgY against oral challenge with...

The interaction of cholera toxin and a number of toxin derivatives, containing different proportions of light and heavy toxin-composing subunits (L and H), with mouse lymphocytes was studied. Experiments with [(125)I]toxin showed that a single cell can rapidly, within minutes, bind up to 40,000 molecules of toxin, the association constant was estimated to 7 +/- 4 x 10(8) liters/mol, and binding...

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We describe a comprehensive detection system for 18 kinds of classical and newly described staphylococcal superantigenic toxin genes using four sets of multiplex PCR. Superantigenic toxin genotyping of Staphylococcus aureus for 69 food poisoning isolates and 97 healthy human nasal swab isolates revealed 32 superantigenic toxin genotypes and showed that many S. aureus isolates harbored multiple ...

Objective(s): Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile infection as a healthcare-associated infection can cause life-threatening infectious diarrhea in hospitalized patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the toxin profiles and antimicrobial resistance patterns of C. difficile isolates obtained from hospitalized patients in Shiraz, Iran.Mater...

Evidence from multiple studies suggests that Clostridium perfringens ε-toxin is a pore-forming toxin, assembling into oligomeric complexes in the plasma membrane of sensitive cells. In a previous study, we used gene-trap mutagenesis to identify mammalian factors contributing to toxin activity, including caveolin-2 (CAV2). In this study, we demonstrate the importance of caveolin-2 and its intera...

Toxin A but not toxin B, appears to mediate intestinal damage in animal models of Clostridium difficile enteritis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the electrophysiologic and morphologic effects of purified C. difficile toxins A and B on human colonic mucosa in Ussing chambers. Luminal exposure of tissues to 16-65 nM of toxin A and 0.2-29 nM of toxin B for 5 h caused dose-dependent ...

Expression of the maize mitochondrial T-urf73 gene results in a sensitivity to a family of fungal pathotoxins and to methomyl, a structurally unrelated systemic insecticide. Similar effects of pathotoxins and methomyl are observed when T-urfl3 is cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. An interaction between these compounds and the membrane-bound URFl3 protein permeabilizes the inner mitochon...