We investigate the transition from second to first order systems. This transforms configuration space into phase space and hence introduces noncommutativity in the former. Quantum mechanically, the transition may be described in terms of spectral flow. Gaps in the energy or mass spectrum may become large which effectively truncates the available state space. Using both operator and path integra...

We propose an efficient method to propagate the hierarchical quantum master equations based on a reformulation of the original formalism and the incorporation of a filtering algorithm that automatically truncates the hierarchy with a preselected tolerance. The new method is applied to calculate electron transfer dynamics in a spin-boson model and the absorption spectra of an excitonic dimmer. T...

BACKGROUND In view of the massive rural-to-urban migration in Nigeria, investigations on transmission of urinary schistosomiasis were carried out in urban and semi-urban communities in Nike Lake area of Enugu State, Nigeria. METHODS Urine samples of school children were tested for micro-haematuria using reagent strips followed by microscopic examination for Schistosoma haematobium eggs. Water...

15 Gregory, T.R. (2003) Genome size estimates for two important freshwater molluscs, the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) and the schistosomiasis vector snail (Biomphalaria glabrata).Genome46, 841–844 16 Goldman, M.A. et al. (1984) Chromosomal evolution in planorbid snails of the genera Bulinus and Biomphalaria. Malacologia 25, 427–446 17 Knight, M. et al. (1998) Expressed sequence tags (EST...

Identification of populations of Bulinus nasutus and B. globosus from East Africa is unreliable using characters of the shell. In this paper, a molecular method of identification is presented for each species based on DNA sequence variation within the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) as detected by a novel multiplexed SNaPshotTM assay. In total, snails from 7 localities from coa...