The main courtyard of the University of Alcalá, Patio de Santo Tomas, has undergone many transformations and changes of use since it was built in the 16th century. During the restoration works of the building, the wall renderings were removed, showing the building materials of the walls. It was observed that the historical building works were overlapped on the same plane of the wall. This excep...

global warming is one of the major concerns in environmental issues. its effects are being exposed faster than anticipated recently. it causes adverse ecological and socioeconomical effects. the 4th assessment report issued by the u. n.’s intergovernmental panel on climate change (ipcc) states that it is appropriate to define global warming was caused by greenhouse gases due to human activities...

Raw earth is emerging as a viable building material with lower carbon emissions than conventional concrete and fired bricks. an excellent passive hygro-thermal regulator, which improves occupants’ comfort while reducing the need for active heating/cooling installations. The coupled response of materials investigated by exploiting principles thermodynamics porous media unsaturated soil mechanics...