That dopamine (DA) plays a role in reward-related learning is well documented but the mechanisms through which it acts are not well understood. The present set of experiments investigated the role of DA receptor subtypes within DA-innervated forebrain regions in brain stimulation reward (BSR). Thirty-two rats were implanted with electrodes in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and cannulae aimed ...

Basal stem rot (BSR) disease occurs due to the most aggressive and threatening fungal attack of oil palm plant known as Ganoderma boninense (G. boninense). BSR is a that has significant impact on crops in Malaysia Indonesia. Currently, only sustainable strategy available extend life trees, there no effective treatment for disease. This study used thermal imagery identify features classify non-i...

The article focuses on determining priority Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for the mesolevel coastal territories of Baltic Sea Region (BSR), including EU and Russian ones. analysis strategic documents supranational national subnational voluntary reviews allows identifying main approaches to development strategies selection indicators monitoring progress towards achievement SDGs. paper ide...

OBJECTIVES Anti-tumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy is a highly effective treatment for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), as documented using standard outcome measures in clinical trials. Anecdotal experience suggests health benefits for patients other than those measured in this way. We wished to explore Patients' experience of and views about this treatment and the British Society for Rheumato...

Action discovery and selection are critical cognitive processes that are understudied at the cellular and systems neuroscience levels. Presented here is a new rodent joystick task suitable to test these processes due to the range of action possibilities that can be learnt while performing the task. Rats learned to manipulate a joystick while progressing through task milestones that required inc...

We investigate the relative computational power of parallel models with shared memory. Based on feasibility considerations present in the literature, we split these models into “lightweight” and “heavyweight,” and then find that the heavyweight class is strictly more powerful than the lightweight class, as expected. On the other hand, we contradict the long held belief that the heavyweight mode...

The most notable trend in the sedimentary iron isotope record is a shift at the end of the Archean from highly variable δ56 Fe values with large negative excursions to less variable δ56 Fe values with more limited negative values. The mechanistic explanation behind this trend has been extensively debated, with two main competing hypotheses: (i) a shift in marine redox conditions and the transit...

A random-primed cDNA expression library constructed from the mRNA of neuroblastoma cells (NG108) was used to clone a specific rabies virus (RV) receptor. A soluble form of the RV glycoprotein (Gs) was utilized as a ligand to detect positive cells. We identified the murine low-affinity nerve-growth factor receptor, p75NTR. BSR cells stably expressing p75NTR were able to bind Gs and G-expressing ...

For any 2-distance set X in the n-dimensional binary Hamming spaceHn, let ΓX be the graph with X as the vertex set and with two vertices adjacent if and only if the distance between them is the smaller of the two nonzero distances in X. The binary spherical representation number of a graph Γ, or bsr Γ , is the least n such that Γ is isomorphic to ΓX , where X is a 2-distance set lying on a sphe...

The beginning of agriculture is one of the most important developments in human history, with enormous consequences that paved the way for settled life and complex society. Much of the research on the origins of agriculture over the last 40 years has been guided by Flannery's [Flannery, K. V. (1969) in The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals, eds. Ucko, P. J. & Dimbleby, G. W. ...