A lack of oxygen activates a pathway that causes the bacterial cell wall to break down, which, in turn, aids bacterial biofilm development.

We describe the primality testing algorithms in use in some popular computer algebra systems, and give some examples where they break down in practice.

Wake up! And smell the caffeine Caffeine technically is a drug – but what does that mean for us? How much is healthy? We'll break it down for you!

Incomplete databases, that is, databases that are missing data, are present in many research domains. It is important to derive techniques to access these databases efficiently. We first show that known indexing techniques for multi-dimensional data search break down in terms of performance when indexed attributes contain missing data. This paper utilizes two popularly employed indexing techniq...

Under healthy conditions, the normal cardiac (sinus) interbeat interval fluctuates in a complex manner. Quantitative analysis using techniques adapted from statistical physics reveals the presence of long-range power-law correlations extending over thousands of heartbeats. This scale-invariant (fractal) behavior suggests that the regulatory system generating these fluctuations is operating far ...

Evolutionary rates play a central role in connecting micro- and macroevolution. All evolutionary rate estimates, including of molecular evolution, trait lineage diversification, share similar scaling pattern with time: The highest are those measured over the shortest time interval. This creates disconnect between macroevolution, although is opposite what some might expect: Patterns change short...

One of the important targets is to unlock the full potential of cellulosic biomass. Plants have evolved over several hundred million years to be recalcitrant—resistant to attacks from the likes of bacteria, fungi, insects, and extreme weather. Breaking down plants is no easy task. For cellulosic ethanol production, the primary challenge is breaking down (hydrolyzing) cellulose into its componen...