When brainstem death was formally defined by the Conference of Medical Royal Colleges and their Faculties in the UK in 1976, a concept, as well as a description of a pathological process, was introduced into medical practice. This article describes core anatomy, pathophysiology of brain injury, the process of testing within the current guidelines and briefly explores the ethical and legal issue...

OBJECT Dose-volume data concerning the brainstem in stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for trigeminal neuralgia (TN) were analyzed in relation to associated complications. The authors present their set of data and compare it with currently cited information on brainstem dose tolerance associated with conventional fractionated radiation therapy and hypofractionated radiation treatment of other dise...

Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is the most common type representing approximate‐ ly 80% of brainstem gliomas [5, 6]. They have a dismal prognosis with a median survival of only a year. Their natural history is often compared to but worse than that of supratentorial glioblastoma seen primarily in the adult population. Nondiffuse brainstem gliomas, includ‐ ing focal, dorsal exophytic and...

BACKGROUND The brainstem is the main region that innervates neurotransmitter release to the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Adrenal (HPA) axis and fronto-limbic circuits, two key brain circuits found to be dysfunctional in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). However, the brainstem's role in MDD has only been evaluated in limited reports. Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), we investigated whether major b...

Emotions depend upon the integrated activity of neural networks that modulate arousal, autonomic function, motor control, and somatosensation. Brainstem nodes play critical roles in each of these networks, but prior studies of the neuroanatomic basis of emotion, particularly in the human neuropsychological literature, have mostly focused on the contributions of cortical rather than subcortical ...

In this paper we present a method to segment four brainstem structures (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata and superior cerebellar peduncle) from 3D brain MRI scans. The segmentation method relies on a probabilistic atlas of the brainstem and its neighboring brain structures. To build the atlas, we combined a dataset of 39 scans with already existing manual delineations of the whole brainstem an...

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate latencies and corrected p13-n23 cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMP) and n10-p13 ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (oVEMP) amplitudes in patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS This was a prospective, case-control study. Thirty patients with MS and 15 healthy controls were included. Cervic...