Recent studies put in evidence the role of brain inflammation in the pathogenetic mechanisms of seizures. It has been reported that an intestinal inflammation may be able to migrate to the brain, thus an intestinal inflammation could be the original cause of epilepsy, as osteopaths believed in the ‘20s. We attempted to demonstrate the role of gut-brain axis in epilepsy on the basis of recent ac...

Inflammation is a hallmark in many neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease or vascular dementia. Cholesterol and homocysteine are both vascular risk factors which have been associated with dementia, inflammation and blood-brain barrier dysfunction. In previous studies we found that hypercholesterolemia but not hyperhomocysteinemia induced inflammation in rats in vivo. The aim of the...

Classical inflammation is a well-characterized secondary response to many acute disorders of the central nervous system. However, in recent years, the role of neurogenic inflammation in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases has gained increasing attention, with a particular focus on its effects on modulation of the blood-brain barrier BBB. The neuropeptide substance P has been shown to incr...

A growing body of evidence implies that maternal inflammation during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in the offspring. The pathophysiological mechanisms by which maternal inflammation evokes fetal brain injury and contributes to long-term adverse neurological outcomes are not completely understood. In this review, we summarize 10 years of our research...

Background Inflammation is one of the critical components in development neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia resident macrophages central nervous system. In AD brain, microglial cells are found close association with amyloid beta deposits. Histological examination brains as well cell culture studies have shown that interaction microglia fibrillar leads to their phenotypic activation. It incre...

OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that brain arteries from HIV+ cases have a greater degree of inflammation than brain arteries from HIV- cases, and that inflammation is associated with brain arterial remodeling. DESIGN Case-control study, cross-sectional. METHODS Brain arteries from 162 autopsy cases (84 with HIV) were systematically analyzed for thickness of the intima, media, and adventit...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We previously showed that mild hypothermia protects against experimental stroke, even when cooling was delayed by 2 hours. Protection may be due in part to inhibiting inflammation. To clarify, we examined leukocyte infiltration, microglial activation, and adhesion molecule expression in models of stroke and pure brain inflammation. METHODS Rats underwent 2-hour middle c...

background: astrocytes, which comprise ~90% of overall brain mass, are involved in brain immunity. these cells represent the non-professional class of cns-resident apcs and may promote or inhibit cns inflammation depending on the cytokines they secrete. il-10 family of cytokines and their receptors, il-20r1 and il-20r2, may have a role in shifting astrocytes to a neuroprotective or neurodegener...

traumatic brain injury (tbi) initiates a cascade of numerous pathophysiological events that evolve over time. despite the complexity of tbi, research aimed at therapy development has almost exclusively focused on single therapies, all of which have failed in multicenter clinical trials. a variety of brain insults, including traumatic brain injury, encephalitis, stroke, and status epilepticus (s...

mast cells are a heterogeneous population of granulocytic cells in the immune system. mast cell granules contain numerous mediators, including neurotransmitters, cytokines, chemokines and lipid-derived factors. in addition to their well-known role in immune inflammation, the presence of mast cells in the meninges and perivascular space in the central nervous system points to their role in brain...