Molecular binding behavior has a large in uence on the structure of a material and their properties. As a exclusion, carbon bind themself not in form of identical molecular orbitals but in form of hybridization. I explain the term hybridization and specify the in uence to the properties on the example of graphite and diamond. Furthermore, I present the change of properties by curvature e ects.

One of the most exciting discoveries in biological adhesion is the recent and counter-intuitive observation that the lifetimes of some biological adhesive bonds, called catch bonds, are enhanced by tensile mechanical force. At least two types of adhesive proteins have been shown to form catch bonds--blood proteins called selectins and a bacterial protein called FimH. Both mediate shear-enhanced...

We examine the pricing of catastrophe risk bonds. Catastrophe risk cannot be hedged by traditional securities and thus the pricing of catastrophe risk bonds must be examined in an incomplete markets setting and therefore entails special difficulties in the pricing methodology. We present techniques for pricing these bonds and discuss this theory in the context of equilibrium pricing and its rel...

A firm issues a convertible bond. At each subsequent time, the bondholder must decide whether to continue to hold the bond, thereby collecting coupons, or to convert it to stock. The firm may at any time call the bond. Because calls and conversions often occur far from maturity, it is not unreasonable to model this situation with a perpetual convertible bond, i.e., a convertible coupon-paying b...

L-bonds represent relationships between fuzzy formal contexts. We study these intercontextual structures w.r.t. antitone Galois connections in fuzzy setting. Furthermore, we define direct -product and -product of two formal fuzzy contexts and show conditions under which a fuzzy bond can be obtained as an intent of the product. This extents our previous work on isotone fuzzy bonds.

Given a connected graph G = (V,E) and three even-sized subsets A1, A2, A3 of V , when does V have a partition (S1, S2) such that G[Si] is connected and |Si ∩Aj | is odd for all i = 1, 2 and j = 1, 2, 3? This problem arises in the area of integer flow theory and has theoretical interest in its own right. The special case when |A1| = |A2| = |A3| = 2 has been resolved by Chakravarti and Robertson,...

Halogen bonding (XB) is being extensively explored for its potential use in advanced materials and drug design. Despite significant progress in describing this interaction by theoretical and experimental methods, the chemical nature remains somewhat elusive, and it seems to vary with the selected system. In this work we present a detailed DFT analysis of three-center asymmetric halogen bond (XB...

Humans tend to respond differently between each other to rewards being dished out unfairly in different social groups, yet little is known about the potential for such variation in other species. A new study has examined responses to such inequity in several groups of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). The study, by Sarah Brosnan, Hillary Schiff and Frans de Waal, at the Yerkes National Primate Cen...

The chemical bond arises from a redistribution of electronic charge when atoms are brought in close proximity. The bond in a solid results from the superposition of charge densities of all atoms in the system. In an atom all electrons reside in their ground states at equilibrium. Only a few low lying excited states are typically accessed. The chemical bond in the solid consists of excited elect...