background: this study intended to determine the effects of vitamin d and calcium?vitamin d in treating leg cramps in pregnant women. materials and methods: this study was conducted as a double?blind randomized controlled clinical trial on 126 participants, 18–35?year?old pregnant women with a minimum of two leg cramps per week who were referred to health?care centers in tabriz?iran in 2013. th...

Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Human Walk Chapter 3: Study of Robot Leg Mechanisms 3.1 Effectiveness of leg joints relating to the walking. 3.2 Locations of leg joints. 3.3 Movable extent of leg joints. 3.4 Dimension, weight and center of gravity of a leg. 3.5 Torque placed on leg joints during the walking. 3.6 Sensors relating to the walking. 3.7 Grounding impact on leg joints during the w...

The stingless bee Trigona carbonaria is a small, shiny black bee native to Australia. These bees collect pollen and nectar in much the same way as the well-known honey bee Apis mellifera, but can be more effective at pollination because as well as crawling over the anthers, they crawl over the style of the flower, delivering pollen to the stigma. The main scanning electron micrograph above show...

objective: the study evaluated the efficacy of oral calcium carbonate supplement on leg pain in pregnancy and nursing period. materials and methods: a total number of 176 women at third trimester of pregnancy or nursing period till to one year after delivery with complaint of leg pain, low back pain (lbp), and posterior pelvic pain (ppp) were evaluated for distinct primary causes and were exclu...

Redescriptions of two pennellid copepods, Peniculus minuticaudae Shiino, 1956 and Peniculus truncatus Shiino, 1956, are provided, based on postmetamorphic adult females collected from marine ranched fishes captured at Tongyeong marine living resources research & conservation center, Korea. Peniculus minuticaudae was collected from the soft fin rays of black scraper Thamnaconus modestus. It can ...

Birds utilize one of two hindlimb postures during flight: an extended posture (with the hip and knee joints flexed, while the ankle joint is extended caudally) or a flexed posture (with the hip, knee, and ankle joints flexed beneath the body). American Avocets (Recurvirostra americana) and Black-necked Stilts (Himantopus mexicanus) extend their legs caudally during flight and support them for e...